Duplicitous Thieves: Ouyi Zhixu’s Criticism of Jesuit Missionaries in Late Imperial China

狡辯的小偷：蕅益智旭在帝制中國晚期對基督徒的批評

Beverley Foulks

《中華佛學學報》 21期 (2008/07) Pp. 55-75

https://doi.org/10.6986/CHBJ.200807.0055

摘要

此篇文章分析被視為明朝四大佛教導師之一的蕅益智旭在《闢邪集》中反基督教的文章。我認為在許多層面，蕅益論證的方式不同於雲棲祩宏及其他佛教作者；最重要的是蕅益侷限在世俗及儒學上建立其論證，以防止任何人批評他的著作為辯護性或過於刻薄的。蕅益認為他所認知的儒學與基督教的清楚分野在於前者確立個人的道德及倫理責任，而後者則描寫創造人類及透過耶穌為人類之惡贖罪的上帝。蕅益不僅僅詳述儒學及基督教的差異，他也針對基督徒的批評試圖為佛教作辯護。我認為反基督教的著作對身為佛教徒的蕅益而言扮演一重要的角色，也使其能補償其年輕時對佛教的攻擊。

關鍵字

蕅益智旭 ； 明朝 ； 基督教 ； 論證法 ； 懺悔

並列摘要

This paper analyzes the anti-Christian writings of Ouyi Zhixu 蕅益智旭 (1599-1655) - who is recognized as one of the four great Buddhist masters of the Ming dynasty – that form his Collected Essays Refuting Heterodoxy (Pixie ji 闢邪集). I argue that Ouyi’s polemical strategy differs from that of Zhuhong and other Buddhist writers in several respects, the most important being that Ouyi bases his arguments strictly on secular and Confucian grounds in order to preclude anyone criticizing his essays as defensive or vitriolic. Ouyi identifies what he perceives to be a clear difference between Confucianism and Christianity: while the former locates morality and ethical responsibility within the individual, the latter portrays God as creating human nature and atoning for human sins through Jesus Christ. Ouyi not only amplifies this difference between Confucianism and Christianity, he also seeks to defend Buddhism against Jesuit criticism. I contend that Ouyi’s anti-Christian writings play an important role for him as a Buddhist, enabling him to redress his attacks on Buddhism in his youth.

並列關鍵字

Ouyi Zhixu ； Ming Dynasty ； Christianity ； Polemics ； Repentance

參考文獻

Aleni, Giulio.(2000)。An Expository Collection of the Christian Philosophical Works between the End of the Ming Dynasty and the Beginning of the Qing Dynasty in China。Beijing:

Ch`en, Ying-shan(1996)。The Characteristics of Ouyi Zhixu`s Thought and an Appraisal of his Status。Bulletin of the Institute of Chinese Literature and Philosophy。8，227-256。

Cohen, Paul.(1963).China and Christianity: The Missionary Movement and the Growth of Chinese Antiforeignism 1860-1870.Cambridge:

Criveller, Gianni.(1997).Preaching Christ in Late Ming China: the Jesuits` Presentation of Christ from Matteo Ricci to Giulio Aleni.Taipei:

General Explanation of the Images of the Lord of Heaven=天主聖像略說