Comparing East Asian and Southeast Asian Buddhism: Looking at Traditional China from the Margins

東亞與東南亞佛教之比較－從邊緣看傳統中國

馬克瑞(John R. McRae)

《中華佛學學報》 22期 (2009/07) Pp. 97-123

https://doi.org/10.6986/CHBJ.200907.0097

摘要

東亞與東南亞大陸地區的佛教傳承在廣大的地理與生態相似的基礎上，卻具有相當不同的規模，我將比較兩者在第一千禧與第二千禧年的發展。東亞佛教比起東南亞佛教來得久遠且更能提供較完整的資料，同時東亞佛教的翻譯事業是以相互連貫性的方式逐步形成。佛教在第一千禧年確實存在於東南亞，但它的範圍及性質卻很難判斷；同時，在第二千禧年，東南亞佛教以共有的宗教純淨正統觀念，強調巴利經典為宗教可受評判的信賴標準。在此分析基礎上，我推測在東亞佛教中，對於精神修練型態的發現與其相互連貫性的歷史發展上有類似之處；同時在東南亞佛教中，行者完美的淨化形態類似於社會運動中產生對正統的要求。最後，對於東南亞可受信賴之機構所成立的公認宗教準則之分析提出建議，畢竟宗教經濟面向的負面儒家模式已支配學術研究至今，而此建議也許可以啟發東亞佛教研究的新路徑。

關鍵字

東亞佛教 ； 東南亞佛教 ； 本土化 ； 中國化 ； 梵語化

並列摘要

Based on extensive geographic and ecological similarities, albeit of quite different scale, I compare the Buddhist traditions of East Asia and continental Southeast Asia during the first and second millenia of the common era. I show that East Asian Buddhism is older and far better documented than its Southeast Asian counterpart, and that the enterprise of translation meant that it evolved over time in East Asia in an organic fashion. Buddhism was certainly present in Southeast Asia during the first millenium, but the nature and extent of its presence there is difficult to gauge. In addition, during the second millenium Buddhism in continental Southeast Asia came to emphasize the Pali canon as the standard by which religious authenticity was to be judged, based on shared conceptions of religious purity and orthodoxy. Based on this analysis I speculate that there is a parallel between the East Asian emphasis on a discovery model of spiritual training and its organic historical development, and a similar parallel in Southeast Asian Buddhism between a purification model of individual perfection that resembles what occurs there in the demands for orthodoxy in social movements. Finally, I suggest that the analysis of publically chartered religious foundations in the formation of Southeast Asian fiduciary institutions may suggest new avenues for the study of East Asian Buddhism, where negative Confucian models of the economic dimensions of religion have dominated scholarship to date.

並列關鍵字

East Asian Buddhism ； Southeast Asian Buddhism ； Indigenization ； Sinification ； Sanskritization

參考文獻

Aung-Thwin, Michael A.(2005).The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that Was Lower Burma.Honolulu:University of Hawai'i Press.

Bentley, G. Carter.(1986).Indigenous States of Southeast Asia.Annual Review of Anthropology.15,275-305.

Bronkhorst, Johannes..The spread of Sanskrit.

de Casparis, J. G.,I. W. Mabbett.,N. Tarling. (Ed.)(1992).Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, vol. 1, From early times to c. 1500.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.

de Casparis, J. G(1999).Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, vol. 1, From early times to c. 1500.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.