Metaphorical Imagery and the Fashioning of Caodong Identity in Hongzhi Zhengjue's 宏智正覺 (1091-1157) Commentarial Verses on Old Cases

宏智正覺頌古中隱喻意象與曹洞宗風之形塑

果幸(Guo Xing (Bhikshuni)

《中華佛學學報》 33期 (2020/07) Pp. 77-119

摘要

This paper examines how Hongzhi Zhengjue 宏智正覺 (1091-1157) attempted to re-fashion the identity of the Caodong 曹洞 school through his gong'an commentarial verses. Throughout Hongzhi's collection of recorded sayings, he viewed the doctrine of the interpenetration of adjunct (pian 偏) and proper (zheng 正) (interpenetration of principle li 理 and phenomena shi 事) as the characteristic pedagogical instrument of the Caodong tradition. By delving into the doctrinal aspect in Hongzhi's gong'an poetry concerning this teaching, this paper analyzes two essential ways in which Hongzhi distinguished the Caodong from other Chan schools. First, Hongzhi asserted that the interpenetration of principle and phenomena was the central teaching of his lineage. Second, Hongzhi infused the Caodong point-of-view into his gong'an commentaries through metaphors associated with this doctrine. In order to explore the utility of metaphors in Hongzhi's commentarial verses, this paper first examines crucial metaphors associated with the doctrine of the dyad of principle (proper 正) and phenomena (adjunct 偏) in Caodong literature. It will further demonstrate how Hongzhi used metaphors associated with this teaching to characterize the essence of the Caodong school. It then explores how Hongzhi employed particular metaphors to represent the Caodong tradition and thereby distinguish it from other Chan lineages. Hongzhi's commentarial verses not only used conventional Caodong metaphors, but also created new ones to convey the doctrine of the interpenetration of principle and phenomena-many of which drew elements from secular literature. He arguably did this to help the Caodong school gain recognition among a broader readership, including the literati. Since the Caodong school was languishing in a state of accelerated decline, revitalizing the school as a whole was a more pressing issue for Hongzhi than Caodong school intersectarian rivalries.

關鍵字

Hongzhi Zhengjue ； interpenetration of proper and adjunct ； principle and phenomena ； commentarial verses on old cases ； Caodong school

並列摘要

本文探討宏智正覺（1091-1157）如何透過頌古嘗試重塑曹洞宗風。在其語錄中，宏智將偏正回互（理事圓融）視為曹洞宗之宗風。本文深入探究宏智頌古中偏正回互的義理內涵，分析宏智如何以兩種不同的基本方式區別自宗與他宗：其一，宏智宣稱偏正回互是曹洞宗的中心思想；其二，通過與偏正回互義理相關之隱喻，將曹洞宗風注入於頌古中。關於宏智頌古中隱喻的應用，本文首先考察曹洞文獻中象徵理事（正偏）之主要隱喻，進一步論證宏智如何運用這些隱喻代表曹洞宗風，最後探討他如何運用特定隱喻襯出自宗與他宗的區別。宏智的頌古不僅使用傳統的曹洞隱喻，還從世俗文學中取材創造新隱喻，傳達理事圓融之教義。宏智的作法，或可視為他嘗試在包括士人階級的社會中普及曹洞宗的一種努力。由於曹洞宗當時正處於加速衰落的狀態，因此對宏智而言，比起宗內派系之爭，整體曹洞宗之復興才是更迫切的課題。

並列關鍵字

宏智正覺 ； 偏正回互 ； 理事 ； 頌古 ； 曹洞宗

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