莊學註疏「回歸原典」的方法及其檢討

Methodology and Review of ＂Returning to Original Work＂ in Annotating Zhuangzi

簡光明(Kuang-Ming Chien)

《屏東教育大學學報-人文社會類》 32期 (2009/03) Pp. 1-27

摘要

《莊子》一書因為辭趣華深而汪洋自恣，常被視為難讀難註的書，歷來註家中，有「以儒解莊」、「以佛解莊」、「以道教解莊」者，也有將《莊子》與法家同源、與陰陽家合流者。註家借題發揮的注書解經方式，常能夠促使舊的觀念思想發生變化，因而產生新的觀念與思想，同時也讓莊子思想因不同註解歧出的詮釋而獲得發展。然而詮釋的歧出不免遭到批評，認為不符合莊子本意，從而提倡莊學註疏理應「回歸原典」。此一論述由宋人開其端，到明代與清代才形成完整的方法論。回歸原典基本的方法有五：一是註家必須具備古學，才能了解春秋戰國時的語言文字；二是以《莊子》解《莊子》，例如以〈達生〉解〈逍遙遊〉，以〈寓言〉解〈齊物論〉，以〈外物〉解〈養生主〉；三是《莊子》篇章的辨偽，自蘇東坡〈莊子祠堂記〉一文主張〈讓王〉、〈說劍〉、〈漁父〉、〈盜跖〉為偽作以來，後代承其說者代有其人，進而從用字、制度、思想等方面說明偽作的情形；四是以道教解莊，五是從人心之所同設身處地去理解莊子立言的本意。本論文旨在闡明莊學註疏「回歸原典」運動的方法論，並檢討其得失。

關鍵字

莊子 ； 三教合一 ； 回歸原典

並列摘要

The book ＂Zhuangzi＂ is considered hard to read and interpret because of its ornate diction, profound meanings, and magnificently expressive styles. Among the experts in annotations over the ages, some are ＂interpreting Zhuangzi with the theory of Confucianism＂; some are ＂ interpreting Zhuangzi with Buddhism＂; some are ＂interpreting Zhuangzi with Taoism＂, and some assume that ＂Zhuangzi＂ and the legalist school have the same origin, and that it melds with yin-yang school. When the experts annotate ancient books or texts, their ways to explain and comment on them often contribute to changes the old ideas into the new ones. At the same time, the Zhuangzi's thoughts advance because they are interpreted differently. Unavoidably, diverse annotations are criticized; however, these explanatory notes are thought that they do not conform to the Zhuangzi original intentions. As a result, it is suggested that the annotations of ＂Zhuangzi＂ should be ＂Returning to Original Work＂. Such idea can be traced back to The Sung Dynasty. Not until the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty is it formed into a complete methodology. Here are four basic methods: First, the experts in annotations must have the background knowledge about the ancient literature so that they can understand the language and writing of the Warring States Period. Second, interpret ＂Zhuangzi＂ by means of ＂Zhuangzi＂. For example, interpreting ＂Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease＂ by ＂The Full Understanding of Life＂; ＂The Adjustment of Controversies＂ by ＂Metaphorical Language＂; ＂Nourishing the Lord of Life＂ by ＂What comes from Without＂. Third, distinguish whether some chapters in ＂Zhuangzi＂ are written by Zhunagzi himself or not. In the article ＂Zhuangzi ancestral temple records＂, Su Dong-po states that＂Kings who have wished to resign the Throne＂, ＂Delight in the Sword-fight＂, ＂The Old Fisherman＂, and ＂The Robber Zhi＂ are all the pseudographs. Afterwards, the next generation have the same opinions as Su's and further they explain how they are not really created by Zhunagzi from different views: diction, system, thought, etc. Fourth, interpreting ＂Zhuangzi ＂ by means of ＂Taoism＂.Fifth,try to put oneself in another's place from the heart to figure out what Zhuangzi really means in his words. This paper is to shed light on the methodology of ＂Returning to Original Work＂ in annotating Zhuangzi, and to examine its advantages and disadvantages.

並列關鍵字

Zhuangzi ； unification of the three schools ； Returning to Original Work

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