紀念博物館的創傷歷史展示－以德國柏林東德博物館為例

具有人權迫害歷史的紀念博物館在20世紀末開始因應全球民主化的反省思潮而林立，其目的在於讓大眾能瞭解過往的故事，達到社會溝通之效，希望能夠因此避免這些人權迫害事件再度發生。德國在20世紀共經歷了兩次威權統治的時期，並且在柏林圍牆倒塌後開始進行一連串的轉型正義工作，本文選取位於德國首都柏林的東德博物館做為研究個案，目的是希望能透過個案研究，深入解析該館的常設展，討論其如何透過展示手法的轉化，達到與觀眾有效的溝通，並做為往後紀念博物館從業人員辦理展示的借鏡與參考。該館在選取題材上，係從個人經驗出發，儘量選擇貼近常民生活的生活切片，讓每個觀眾得以盡情探索自己有趣的主題，從而與自己的生活做對照。展覽內容儘可能選擇對照而客觀的史實，將其全面呈現，也設計了以體驗物件為主，並輔以多媒體技術的展覽，增加觀眾展示體驗的真實感。以上種種努力，使該館能突破語言、文化的限制，將東德時期威權展示的內容，傳達給世界各地的觀眾。

關鍵字

紀念博物館；互動展示；展示；主動學習；東德博物館

並列摘要

One after the other, museums focused on human rights violations opened at the end of the 20th century, reflecting trends in global democratization. Their purpose is to enable the public to understand the past and to implement social communication, in the hope of preventing future human rights abuses. Germany experienced two periods of authoritarian rule in the 20th century and began transitional justice efforts after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Therefore, the DDR Museum in Berlin serves as a case study. The aim of this article is to analyze the permanent exhibitions of this museum using case study methods, to reveal how effective communication with audiences is achieved. The results can serve as a reference for exhibition staff in memorial museums. It was found that this museum's themes correspond to people's daily lives. Visitors can explore the themes that interest them and conduct comparisons based on their own life experiences. This museum also presents objective historical materials in a comprehensive manner. Although the exhibitions are designed to focus on objects, multimedia technologies are used as a supplement to heighten the sense of reality. The above efforts have enabled this museum to break through the limitations of language and culture to effectively convey content related to the time of authoritarian rule in East Germany to audiences from all over the world.