- 期刊
明－朝鮮使行文學中政治外交層面上的功能與意義研究－以《奉使朝鮮唱和試卷》為中心－
A Study on the Political and Diplomatic Function and Meaning of Diplomatic Literature between Ming and Joseon - Studying the Selected Poems Written by the Chinese and Joseon Envoys as the main object-
摘要
明朝和朝鮮定期互派使臣，也會隨時因特定事件的發生而互派使臣，在此過程中，為實現使行的實用性目的，正式外交公文需按照嚴格的形式和規定由專門官僚提前寫好。但由於明朝時期的東亞文人共用漢字文化圈下的基本價值體系和共同書面語文言文，因此在外交場合即使沒有翻譯人員雙方也可用筆談的方式準確溝通。在非正式場合下，還會通過詩文唱和的方式增進瞭解促進友誼。這種詩文交流不僅加深了兩國使臣之間的友誼，在兩國的政治外交上也發揮了重要作用，便於和平解決兩國外交上產生的衝突與摩擦，因此明朝對朝鮮的外交政策與對外夷相比從根本上具有較大的差異。本論文以由倪謙（來訪朝鮮的明登極詔使）和朝鮮遠接使一同唱和的詩文中選輯的《奉使朝鮮倡和詩卷》為主要研究物件，旨在打破已有研究只通過文學性視野對明朝與朝鮮使臣之間唱和的詩文進行的分析，對其政治外交上的功能與意義進行實質性的分析。倪謙通過與鄭麟趾、申叔舟、成三問等朝鮮文人進行以文學為中心的文化交流和學術交流，逐漸認可了朝鮮朝廷與文人接納和實踐華夷論價值體系，認識到互相共用同一價值觀的文化共同體。如此的認識共有進一步發展，兩者之間形成了友好的人際關係，倪謙對朝鮮國內事情採取站在友好立場上理解的態度。倪謙的使行以後，明朝逐漸放棄派遣皇帝的親信太監到朝鮮的慣例，選拔擁有文才和學識的翰林學士為使臣派遣到朝鮮。如此兩國正式打開以文學和學術為主的外交活動的新篇章，將之成立為兩國之間外交活動的慣例。明-朝鮮之間通過長期實行了這樣外交慣例，擴大和建立了兩國間從未達到過的高度信任關係，兩國友好外交關係一直保持到明朝滅亡。近代以前以文學為主的文化交流，緩解兩國之間的緊張局面，協調以實利為主的兩國各自外交政策的衝突，基于互惠的立場，實現在區域內地緣政治學性和平與穩定，這件事情也給現在的我們提供了重要的啟示。
並列摘要
Envoys were exchanged regularly between the Ming and Joseon dynasties, and irregular envoys were also frequently exchanged depending on specific diplomatic issues. Official diplomatic documents were prepared in advance by professional officials for practical purposes in accordance with strict formalities and regulations before the exchange of envoys took place. However, at that time, East Asian envoys shared a basic value system under the Chinese character culture and used Classical Chinese as a common written language. Therefore, they were able to accurately communicate each other's intentions by taking notes in the field of diplomacy without an interpreter, and at times other than official meetings, they exchanged poems and literary sentences with each other to build friendships. As such, exchanges through poetry between the Ming and Joseon envoys served to peacefully resolve political and diplomatic disputes between the two countries without armed conflict. So unlike the foreign policy toward countries other than the Chinese character culture, the Ming Dynasty implemented a friendly foreign policy to Joseon. Ni-qian(倪謙) came to Joseon to deliver Emperor's Edict in 1450. This paper is specifically targeted at 《奉使朝鮮倡和詩卷 (the Selected Poems Written by the Chinese and Joseon Envoys.)》, which was compiled by selecting from among the poems written by Ni-qian(倪謙 1415~1479) and Joseon Envoys. Breaking away from the fact that existing studies mainly analyzed poetry diplomacy between Ming and Joseon from a literary point of view, this paper explored its political and diplomatic functions and meanings in earnest. Ni-qian(倪謙) acknowledged that the Joseon court and Joseon literati were accepting and practicing the value system of Hua Yi theory (華夷論) through cultural and academic exchanges centered on literature with Joseon envoys such as Jeong In-ji (鄭麟趾), Shin Suk-ju(申叔舟), and Seong Sam-mun(成三問). They have even come to be perceived as a community that shares culture. Through this shared awareness, Ni-qian(倪謙) was able to form friendly personal relationships with the Joseon envoys, and he developed an attitude to understand the domestic situation in Joseon from a favorable point of view. After Ni-qian(倪謙)'s diplomatic activities in Joseon, Joseon and Ming envoys in earnest opened the field of cultural diplomacy through literature and academia exchanges and established it as a custom, and established and spread strong personal ties within the Ming court and the Joseon court. It was able to usher in the heyday of unprecedented friendly diplomacy between Ming and Joseon. In the envoy diplomacy of the pre-modern period, cultural exchange centered on literature like this alleviated the political and diplomatic tensions between the two countries, By coordinating foreign policy goals centered on the interests of both countries, By implementing it peacefully from a reciprocal standpoint, It brought stability in the region, and this fact has many implications even today.