明代軍隊職掌再探

明代從開國前就以衛所為軍隊的基本組織。一般而言，從《明實錄》、《大明會典》等史料來看，明代軍隊不分鎮守區域，其共同職掌大約有屯田、巡捕、備禦及製造軍器等幾種。其中，屯田乃是明代衛所最初設立的重要目的之一。備禦則包括「消極防守」與「積極戰鬥」等，不管是消極維持秩序或積極開疆拓土，這些均為衛所軍重要職責所在。而部分京衛與地方衛所，亦須常常負擔巡捕盜賊、防禦地方治安的工作。最後，為肩負戰鬥備禦、巡捕盜賊等任務，各地衛所均得自行製造弓、刀、箭等軍器，以供實際需要。因這些差事繁雜且負擔甚重，在不堪負荷情況下，各地衛所軍士紛紛想盡辦法逃避差役，或是賄賂官吏，無錢找人代役者，最後更是被迫逃亡。而明代衛所制度就在這種額外的工作負擔中，逐步消耗軍隊戰力，後期更連帶影響明帝國政治局勢的穩定。

關鍵字

明代；衛所；軍隊；屯田；備禦

並列摘要

Before the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the Wei-so(衛所) was the basic organization of the army. Generally speaking, judging from historical materials such as "Ming Shilu" (明實錄)and "Da Ming Hui Dian"(大明會典), the army of the Ming Dynasty did not distinguish between guarding areas, and its common duties included farming, patrolling, guarding, and making military weapons. Among them, Tuntian(屯田) was one of the important purposes of the initial establishment of the Ming Dynasty Wei-so. Defense includes "passive defense" and "active combat". Whether it is passively maintaining order or actively expanding territory, these are important responsibilities of the guard army. And some Jīng-wei(京衛) and local Wei-so also have to often undertake the work of patrolling and arresting thieves and defending local security. Finally, in order to shoulder the tasks of combat preparation, patrolling and arresting thieves, the guards in various places had to manufacture their own bows, knives, arrows and other weapons for actual needs. Due to the complexity and heavy burden of these errands, under the overwhelmed situation, the sergeants of the guards all over the country tried their best to avoid the errands, or bribed the officials, and those who had no money to find substitutes were forced to flee in the end. The guard system of the Ming Dynasty gradually consumed the combat power of the army due to this extra workload, which later affected the stability of the political situation of the Ming Empire.

並列關鍵字

Ming Dynasty ； Wei-so ； army ； garrison ； defense

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