道法整合的藍圖：《太上天壇玉格》研究

A Blueprint for the Integration of Dao 道 and Fa 法: A Study of the Jade Protocols of the Celestial Altar of the Most High

張超然(Chang Chaojan)

《華人宗教研究》 20期 (2022/07) Pp. 1-37

https://doi.org/10.6720/SCR.202207_(20).0001

摘要

《天壇玉格》作為明清時期正一道教傳度、授籙時所依據的指導手冊，已為學界所知。目前已經披露的多種不同傳世版本雖然內容未必一致，但所關注的面向卻頗相近，其中反映了不同時期龍虎山宗壇對於地方驅邪法術（教內稱為「道法」）的整合嘗試。元代《道法會元》收錄的《太上天壇玉格》是目前可見這類著作的最早版本之一，其中更多可見的是宋元新興道法之間的整合，但也可以發現龍虎山正一宗壇開始介入這樣的整合運動。本文即以《太上天壇玉格》作為研究對象，分析其中道法「整合」的諸多嘗試，以及此一版本所呈現的道法「藍圖」，包括：1）南宋乃至元代道法整合的嘗試、具體的規劃以及可能的發展過程；2）龍虎山正一宗壇介入此一整合的嘗試、方法及其可能遭遇的困難；以及3）宋元道法整合之後可能呈顯的道教新樣態？

關鍵字

道教 ； 法師 ； 傳授 ； 天壇玉格 ； 神霄

並列摘要

The Jade Protocols of the Celestial Altar (Tiantan yuge 天壇玉格), a guidebook for Orthodox Unity (Zhengyi 正一) Daoist ordination and the transmission of registers during the Ming and Qing periods, is well-known by scholars. For the various editions that once circulated and have since been discovered, though their content is not necessarily identical, the focus of their concern is quite similar. The editions reflect attempts at different time periods to integrate local exorcistic rituals (fashu 法術 or Daofa 道法) with the "ancestral altar" (zongtan 宗壇) at Mount Longhu 龍虎山. The Taishang tiantan yuge 太上天壇玉格, preserved in the Yuan dynasty ritual compendium Dao and Fa United in the Origin (Daofa huiyuan 道法會元), is one of the earliest editions of this kind of work currently available to us. In this work, to a greater extent, we see the integration of the newly emerging exorcistic ritual traditions of the Song and Yuan, but we also discover the Mount Longhu Zhengyi Daoists' beginning involvement in the movement to integrate local ritual practices. This paper focuses on the Taishang tiantan yuge, analyzing its numerous attempts to integrate exorcistic rituals, as well as the blueprint for their unification that appears in the edition. In doing so, the paper addresses the following issues: 1) the integration of exorcistic rituals from the Southern Song to the Yuan, the concrete details of the plan to accomplish this, and the potential course of these developments; 2) the beginning involvement of Mount Longhu Zhengyi Daoists in the process of integration, the methods they employed, and the possible difficulties they encountered; 3) the appearance of new forms of Daoism that potentially emerged after the integration of exorcistic rituals in the Song and Yuan.

並列關鍵字

Daoism ； ritual master (fashi 法師) ； transmission ； Jade Protocols of the Celestial Altar (Tiantan yuge 天壇玉格) ； Divine Empyrean (Shenxiao神霄)

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