教育發展、健康投資、健康環境、社會發展與國民健康之關聯研究：以世界銀行資料為例

新生兒死亡率、男女性成人死亡率與預期壽命是衡量國民健康的重要指標，也是評估國家現代化程度重要面向。本研究分析國民死亡率與預期壽命的相關因素，從2020年世界銀行發布的52個國家資料，透過迴歸分析獲得結論如下：（1）各國的教育在學率與新生兒死亡率、五歲以下兒童死亡率、成年女性死亡率為負向顯著關聯，與女性預期壽命為正向顯著關聯。（2）各國的每人健康經費支出和男女性成人死亡率及預期壽命各有負向及正向顯著關聯。然而各國的政府健康經費占國民生產毛額比率與國民所得和國民健康沒有明顯關聯。（3）各國的衛生設備普及率和新生兒死亡率、五歲以下兒童死亡率，以及成人死亡率為負向顯著關聯，與預期壽命為正向顯著關聯。（4）各國的生育率愈高，新生兒死亡率愈高；而都市化程度與失業率和新生兒死亡率、五歲以下兒童死亡率及成人的死亡率沒有明顯關聯。本研究貢獻在於發現，教育投資的人力資本，以及每人健康經費支出和衛生設備率是國民健康提升的重要因素。針對結果深入討論，並提出建議。

關鍵字

人力資本理論；成人死亡率；新生兒死亡率；預期壽命；國民健康

並列摘要

Newborns mortality, adult male and female mortality, and life expectancy were important indicators to measure national health. They were an important aspect of measuring the degree of national modernization. This study analyzed the relevant factors of national mortality and life expectancy in 52 countries. From the data of the World Bank (2020), through regression analysis tested, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) Education enrollment rate was a negative and significant association with newborns death, mortality of children under five, and adult females, and a positive and significant association with female life expectancy irrespectively. (2) There were significantly negative and positive correlations between country's health expenditure per capita and adult male and female mortality and life expectancy irrespectively. However, the ratio of government health expentiture to gross national product in 52 countries was not significantly related to national income and national health. (3) The rate of sanitary equipment in 52 countries was significant negatively associated with newborn's mortality, children under five mortality, and adult mortality, and positive significantly associated with life expectancy respectively. (4) The higher the fertility rate in 52 countries, the higher the newborn's mortality; and the degree of urbanization and unemployment had no significant correlation with the mortality of newborns, children under five and adults irrespectively. The contribution of this research lied in the finding of human capital after education investment, as well as important factors related to health expenditure per capita and the rate of sanitation equipment and national health. This research had in-depth discussions on the results and made recommendations.

並列關鍵字

human capital theory ； adult mortality ； newborns mortality ； life expectancy ； civic health

參考文獻

張芳全（2004b）。教育、經濟、人口、健康對平均餘命指標因果關係探索。思與言，42(2)，183-228。doi:10.6431/TWJHSS.200406.0183[Chang, F.-C. (2004b). Exploring the causal relations among the educational, economic, demographical, health, and life expectancy at birth indicators. Thought and Words, 42(2), 183-228. doi:10.6431/TWJHSS.200406.0183]

張芳全（2010）。影響各國國民健康的國際評比因素：以教育、經濟、人口因素為主。臺東大學教育學報，21(1)，57-92。doi:10.6778/NTTUERJ.201006.0057[Chang, F.-C. (2010). Study on the impacted factors of population health rank: The educational, economical, and population factors. NTTU Educational Research Journal, 21(1), 57-92. doi:10.6778/NTTUERJ.201006.0057]

張芳全（2020）。教育、經濟、健康因素與預期壽命關係之跨國研究。教育與心理研究，43(2)，33-64。doi:10.3966/102498852020064302002[Chang, F.-C. (2020). A cross-country study on the relationship among educational, economical, health factors and life expectancy. Journal of Educational & Psychology, 43(2), 33-64. doi:10.3966/102498852020064302002]

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Baron, M., Mylène, R., Fletcher, C., Lynch, M., Lyonnais, M.-C., & Laouan Sidi, E. A. (2021). Conceptualisation and operationalisation of a holistic indicator of health for older inuit: Results of a sequential mixed-methods project. Social Indicators Research, 155, 47-72. doi:10.1007/s11205-020-02592-5

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