從語法觀點探討宋代古文家的「言」「文」分離現象－以蘇軾作品為例

文言與白話的分際一向是中國語言學裡重要的議題，本文探討中國古代讀書人的「言」「文」分離現象，亦即討論不管時代如何變遷、語言如何演變，歷代文士都一貫以非口語的文言文寫作的情形。基於宋代正處於白話興起的時期，卻也正是古文運動興盛的年代，本文選定北宋古文大家蘇軾的作品來作為分析的語料，探討這樣一位古文大師的作品中文言與白話語法成分是如何分佈的情形。藉著分析《蘇文忠公全集》及《東坡詞》兩書的語料，本篇得到三點重要結論：第一，蘇軾作品的確呈現典型的言文分離現象，其一般文章寫作以古漢語語法為主，在《東坡詞》、日常書信以及與宗教有關的贊、偈、頌中則偶爾展現宋代口語特色。第二、蘇軾作品中的言文分離的語法現象，主要表現在句子詞序的倒反，文言、白話語彙使用的不同，以及語法虛詞的改變等。例如本篇分析得知蘇軾寫作時一面嚴格遵守上古漢語的否定句、疑問句的代詞賓語前置的規律，一面卻不經意的在日常書信等非正式文體中使用「V＋得」結構以及「某」、「渠」、「箇」、「甚」、「什麼」等宋代當時的口語用語。第三，蘇軾以口語為鄙俗不雅，崇尚「有古風」的文學作品，反映古文家堅持言文分離的態度，也代表一般中國文人的傳統觀念。

關鍵字

言文分離；文言與白話；近代漢語；宋代白話語法；蘇軾語言分析

並列摘要

The aim of this paper is to investigate the separation of oral and written language in ancient Chinese prose of Northern Song Dynasty. We all know that the classical Qin-Han Archaic Chinese has always been the writing model of the ancient prose movement, while on the other hand during Northern Song Dynasty the oral language (so called BaiHua) has already developed quite differently from the written language (so called WenYan). Thus, it becomes very interesting to ask the question that in spite of the great language change, did those famous prose masters in Northern Song Dynasty all write in strict classical written style without any influence from the contemporary oral language? In this paper, we choose SuShi, the most distinguished prose writer of Song dynasty, to be the study case since he wrote a lot of great works of ancient prose as well as Song Ci. The syntactic analysis of SuShi's works reveals that, firstly, SuShi's writings did exhibit the typical case of separation of oral and written language. His prose strictly followed the syntax of Archaic Chinese, while his ordinary letters and ＂Ci＂ showed many features from the oral BaiHua language of the Northern Song Dynasty. Secondly, SuShi's prose followed the syntactic rules of the Archaic Chinese, such as the object pronoun fronting in negative and interrogative sentences. On the other hand, his daily letters and Ci used the ＂V+ de＂ construction and many other contemporary oral words such as＂mou＂, ＂qu＂, ＂ge＂, ＂sheme＂, ＂zi＂ etc. Thirdly, although utilizing some oral style in his daily writing, SuShi's attitude toward writing was as traditional as other ancient prose writers; they all worshiped the classical written form of the Archaic Chinese and considered the oral language style to be vulgar and informal.