成年犯罪人社區處遇效能之研究

社區處遇係指將犯罪人由機構處遇轉向安置於社區之中，維持犯罪人正常社會生活，採取保護管束或社區勞動服務等刑罰措施，使犯罪人在原來社區中敦促其改悔向上。目前我國所採行之成人社區處遇模式，依其法源依據及型態可概分為：緩起訴社區處遇（緩起訴義務勞務處分、緩起訴必要命令處分、緩起訴戒癮治療處分）、附條件緩刑社區處遇（緩刑義務勞務、緩刑必要命令與緩刑命令戒癮治療）、緩刑付保護管束、假釋付保護管束及易服社會勞動等五大面向。然而，上開我國的社區處遇的執行情況如何，殊值探究分析。透過文獻探討法、官方次級資料分析與深度訪談法，輔以公共政策經常使用之Re-Aim研究架構，本研究發現，在本研究所探究的美國、英國、德國與澳大利亞等國的成人觀護制度，具有多元社區處遇型態、較低的觀護人力比、大量引進社會資源投入成人觀護工作、委由民間團體承接觀護業務以及有效地緩和監獄擁擠的優點，此外，有些國家（澳大利亞）的研究也指出，社區處遇的犯罪人其再犯率較機構性處遇為低。再者，從官方次級資料分析得知，觀護人的約談、訪視、電話查訪以及監管，顯著地影響所有不同類型的社區處遇制度之成效，而婚姻、保護管束時程、精神狀況、通知告誡、志工輔導以及尿液篩檢對於不同類型社區處遇型態的成效，也存在顯著關聯性。研究也指出，假釋的完成率最高，其次是緩刑，而完成率最低者毒品假釋。本研究根據焦點團體座談形成深度訪談的訪談大綱，針對實務工作者進行深訪，針對Re-Aim模式進行分析，結果發現，在涵蓋面方面，雖然部分受訪者認為社區處遇應該視情況擴大範圍，但應該考量到的是當前觀護人業務量、人力不足以及資金配置等問題。在效能方面，認為穩定的就業與工作、收入與財務狀況、家庭支持與偏差友伴扮演個案是否成功復歸社會的關鍵因素；參與方面，認為當前各單位橫向聯繫配合度高、關係緊密是達成社區處遇制度成功與否關鍵。特別是透過地檢署的指揮與行文調度，各單位橫向聯繫之緊密度尚佳；執行層面，觀護人雖然有負荷量重的問題，但觀護人目前在執行業務上，會有分類分級監管的作法，人力雖不足，但效能尚能兼顧。至於持續層面，修正或調整緊縮的刑事政策、調整毒品政策、增加觀護人力、聘任專業人士、引進社會志工團體（榮譽觀護人）、委託NGO團體執行諮商輔導工作、盤點社區資源、建立中途之家以及強化教育與技能訓練等，與社區處遇工作的永續發展，息息相關。最後，本研究根據研究發現，再以RE-AIM為框架，提出短中長期建議，供法務與觀護部門參考。

關鍵字

社區處遇；觀護人；假釋；緩刑； RE-AIM

並列摘要

Community-based treatment (CBT) refers to the transfer of offenders from institutional treatment to resettlement in the community, by which the correctional administrators can rehabilitate offenders into a normal life in a society and require them to conduct some penal measures such as community services and labors. At present, the patterns of adult CBT adopted in Taiwan cover: deferred prosecution via CBT (including deferred prosecution via voluntary labors, deferred prosecution via required orders, deferred prosecution via drug addiction treatment), conditional probation via CBT (including probation voluntary labors, probation via required orders and probation via drug addiction treatment), probation via protection and supervision, parole via protection supervision and social labor services. However, how to carry out the implementation of the CBT in Taiwan is still unknown, suggesting it is worthwhile conducting an evaluation study. For this research purpose, literature review, official secondary data analysis and in-depth interviews as research methods have been employed accordingly. Moreover, the research framework of Re-Aim, which have been largely employed in public policy field, was also applied to this study. In terms of literature review, four countries' (namely the United States, Britain, Germany, and Australia) in terms of CBT systems have purposively been introduced, reviewed and compared. The findings indicated that the CBT in those nations have some significant features: diversity types of CBT, a low ratio of probation officers/clients, a large amount of social resources have been invested in adult CBT, private organizations participate in and provide resources to adult CBT, and effectively reduce the levels of overclouding in prisons. In addition, some countries (such as Australia) research also pointed out that offenders in community corrections have lower recidivism rates than those in institutional ones. Moreover, the results from the official secondary data analysis showed that the levels of face-to-face interviews, visits, telephone interviews and supervision on those offenders significantly affect the effectiveness of all different types of CBT, whereas marriage, protection, the period of protection and supervision, the status of offenders' spirits, warnings, volunteer counseling, urine testing are highly related to the effectiveness of CBT. The study also pointed out that parole has the highest completion rate, followed by probation, and drug parole with the lowest completion rate. Based on the outcomes of two-wave focus group seminars, this study shapes the in-depth interview outline for conducting in-depth interviews with those first line practitioners who devoted themselves in adult CBT more than several decades. The results drawn from in-depth interviews found that, in terms of Reach dimension, some respondents believed that the CBT should be expanded and apply to other offenses. However, at the same time, some conservative respondents believe that the current caregiver case loadings, manpower shortage and fund allocation issues should be fully considered while talking about expanding the scope of CBT. In terms of Effectiveness dimension, it should be noted that the stable employment and work, income and financial status, family support and deviant peers/partners play a key factor in the successful return back to the society. In terms of Adoption dimension, it is considered that the current horizontal cooperation of each unit is pretty intensive and the relationships among those units and agencies are very close. The key to success in dealing those different systems well. In particular, through the command and dispatching of the local prosecution office, the horizontal linkage of each unit cooperates very well. At the Implementation dimension, although each probation officer has a heavy case loading, the classification management on offenders have been employed in adult probation system. The practice of supervision, although the manpower is not enough, but the effectiveness can still take into account. As for the Maintenance dimension, amend the ＂tough on crime＂ policy, adjust the drug policy, increase the number of probation officers, hire more professionals in probation, introduce more social volunteer groups (honor probation officers), entrust NGOs to conduct counseling and counseling, invest more community resources, establish the semi-halfway houses and the strengthen education and skills training courses are closely related to the sustainable development of the CBT in the future. Finally, based on the research findings, this study proposes short-term, medium-term and long-term recommendations based on a RE-AIM model for those policy makers and probation practitioners.