愛玉授粉小蜂之生態及其在平地立足之可能性調查

ECOLOGY OF THE POLLINATOR, JELLY FIG WASP, BLASTOPHAGA PUMILAE HILL, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE POSSIBILITY OF POPULATION ESTABLISHMENT AT LOW ELEVATION

何坤耀(Kun-Yau, Ho)

《中華昆蟲》 7卷1期 (1987/03) Pp. vi+37-44

https://doi.org/10.6660/TESFE.1987006

摘要

愛玉為本省之特產，是一種榕屬隱花植物。其授粉作用必須依靠特定的共生小蜂來完成，根據調查結果，愛玉與薜荔之授粉小蜂為同一種，其學名為Blastophaga pumila Hill。此種小蜂之形態具有高度之特化，雌蟲具翅且頭部較為發達；雄蟲翅已退化，然其交尾器特別尖長。雌小蜂由隱花果頂端Ostiole開孔進入雌花期之果內，產卵於短柱頭蟲癭花之胚珠中可繁殖子代；而對雌花則能完成授粉作用。雌蟲飛出時必需經過雄花區，因而携帶大量成熟花粉。飛出後壽命僅有2～4天，活動範圍多在1～2公里內，但可隨風遷移至遠處。愛玉與小蜂間之生活史有密切之配合或抑制的現象，隨著小花之子房發育成長，小蜂由卵經幼蟲期、蛹而至成蟲，二者配合一致。二者在形態及生理上亦都能共同演化。根據試驗觀察結果，小蜂對愛玉之授粉有絕對之必要性，而其在平地立足成功之可能性頗高，已有成功的記錄。

並列摘要

The jelly fig, Ficus awkeotsang is a unique crop in Taiwan. It needs a special symbiotic wasp for its pollination. According to the Investigation, the jelly fig and Ficus pumila have the same pollinator, i, e., Blastophaga pumilae Hill. The females are winged and head highly specialized. The males are apterous, with long and sharp genitalia. Female wasps fly into the syconium from the ostiole and oviposite eggs into the ovaries of short-styled gall flowers. They also pollinate the long-styled female flowers. The hatching of eggs and development of this wasp synchronize with the growth of fig's ovaries. After emergence, the female wasps leave the jelly fig and carry pollens with them. The longevity of adult is 2-4 days. Their range of filight is a few miles. However, with the help of wind, they may migrate a longer distance. The jelly fig and the wasp have a very close relationship in their life cycles. Symbiosis and coevolution between the jelly fig and the wasp are evident on morphological and physiological basis. According to the caged tests, the wasps are absolutely necessary for the jelly fig pollination. And there is a high possibility for the wasps to establish their population at low elevation places.