英國憲政與五權憲法制－以國會為中心

英國被譽為憲政之母，係古典立憲主義之發端，有其悠久之憲政文明價值。追溯1215年大憲章（Grand Charter）伊始，創立王權有所限制之先例，使臣民的權利有所保障，其後該國的重大政治事件，如清教徒革命及光榮革命等，皆師其意，並提出權利請願書（Petition of Rights）及權利法案（Bill of Rights）等憲政文本，大憲章奠定該國中世紀的憲政基本運作規範，以議會監督為設計中心。本文主要研究目的在於探討英國憲政主義與國家發展之關係。研究問題有三：一為中世紀英國憲政改革之主要推動主軸為何？二為英國中世紀之憲政發展下之王權所面臨之困境？三為英國中世紀憲政發展與國會制度之關聯？孫中山先生雖曾言英國不能學，惟仍參考英國會主權經驗，進一步將國家機構分為「政權機關」與「治權機關」，主張人民透過政權機關控制治權機關，而可以賦予治權機關最大的權力，使政府能夠積極有效的替人民服務。身為治權機關之一的立法院，在特殊的權能區分及五權憲法架構下，是否能夠相當於西方民主國家的國會，殊值商榷。本文以英國國會之憲政發展歷程為基礎，進而分析孫中山先生在考察歐美憲政發展後，為避免行政與立法融合所得出對國會至上問題，以國民大會、立法院與監察院各自分享一部份常態國會之憲政功能，但在臺灣地區運做實際中，立法院逐漸強化民意機關角色，似難矯正議會專橫弊病。

關鍵字

總統；兩岸關係；五權憲法；國家安全局；國防體制；國家安全會議

並列摘要

Britain is known as the mother of constitutionalism, the origin of classical constitutionalism, and has a long history of constitutional civilization value. Going back to the beginning of the Grand Charter in 1215, the establishment of a precedent for limited royal power to protect the rights of the subjects. Afterwards, major political events in the country, such as the Puritan Revolution and the Glorious Revolution, all followed their intentions. Proposed constitutional texts such as Petition of Rights and Bill of Rights. The Magna Carta laid down the basic operating norms of the country's medieval constitutional government, with parliamentary supervision as the design center. The main purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between British constitutionalism and national development. There are three research questions: First, what is the main thrust of the British constitutional reform in the Middle Ages? The second is the dilemma faced by the monarchy under the development of British constitutional government in the Middle Ages? The third is the relationship between the development of British medieval constitutional government and the parliamentary system? Mr. Sun Yat-sen has his own unique thinking and views on the constitutional structure. He divides government agencies into ＂government agencies＂ and ＂government agencies＂. He advocates that the people control the power agencies through the power agencies and can give the power agencies the greatest Power enables the government to actively and effectively serve the people. As one of the governing organs, the Legislative Yuan, under the special distinction of powers and the five-power constitution, can be equivalent to the parliament of Western democracies is open to question. Based on the constitutional development of the British Parliament, this article analyzes Mr. Sun Yat-sen's views on Parliament after examining the development of European and American constitutionalism, and summarizes the future development trend of the Legislative Yuan.