王維行旅考

THE TRAVEL OF WANG WEI

莊申(Chuang Shen)

《新亞學報》 9卷1期 (1969/06) Pp. 181-222+ap7-13+i

並列摘要

(1) His Trip to Shin-tung. In 722 or 723 Wang Wei was banished to the present Shan-tung province and to take up a degraded appointment; the Administrator of Granaries, in the State of Chi濟州 where it is known as Jen-ping district today. This journey that he traveled between the capital of the Court of T'ang; Ch'ang-an, and the destination of his banishment, was in fact the first one among his many dramatic travels. The following places which appeared in Wang Wei's poems indicated his route traveled. Went eastwards from Ch'ang-an and by going through the Tung-kuan潼關 pass Wang Wei entered the present Ho-nan. In this province, first of all, he passed through the Chin-ku-yüan金谷園, a histroical site known for romantic story of Shih Ch'ung 石崇 (d. 300) and his beloved beauty, Lu Chu. Consequently, he reached Lo-yang洛陽. Continuing his trip to the east by via Jung-yang滎陽 he moved to the State of Cheng鄭州 and then the State of Hua滑州. Before to continue his trip it seemed that Wang Wei had paid a short visit to a friend of him in Li-yang黎陽, the closest sity adjacent to the State of Hua. Direction of Wang Wei's travel since then remained constantly to the northeast till he had reached Shan-tung. The first two places in this province that Wang Wei had been passing through were Yün-ch'eng 鄆城 and Yü-shan 魚山, the latter is called Tung-ah東阿 today. In the last mentioned place Wang Wei had attentained a ceremony to have held to worship the Holy Lady, a local diety. In addition, Wang Wei had composed two poems; Songs of Welcome and Farewell, both being dedicated to the Holy Lady. In the State of Chi he had got acquainted with some new friends. Approximately in 724, Tsu Yung祖詠, one of Wang Wei's old friends, have also visited him in Shan-tung. (2) His Trip to Yüeh. In 726, most probably, Wang Wei had resigned from the pose of Adiministrator of Granaries. In the autumn of the same year, he made a trip to Yüeh越, a generalized term to have referred to the nowadays Che-chiang 浙江province, aiming to visit his younger family members. Departing the State of Chi, Wang Wei had firstly reached Wen-yang汶陽 (the present Chi-ning濟寧 at the east of Wen-shing汶上 in Shin-tung). Then by crossing over the boundary area of today's Shan-tung and Chiang-su provinces, he went down to Huai-yin淮陰, a district at the northeast of the Hung-tse Lake in Chiang-su. His tour since then was carried on by travel in the Canal and followed by his cross over of the Yang-tze River. Consequently Wang Wei had been moving southwards as far as to Tan-yang丹陽 now at the southern side of the River. His destination in Yüeh, however, remained ambiguious due to the lack of reference. (3) His Life of Seclusion in Mount Sung. The coastal area of Shan-tung during the 4th to 5th centuries had been the base of the T'ien-shih Sect of Taoism天師道. Though not directly neighbouring the sea, the State of Chi was however not far away from the Taoist base in Shan-tung. The major Taoist conceptions of the T'ien-shih Sect, such as the principles of nursing self and the individual's search of personal longivity as well as the mysterious formula of Taoist alchemy, etc, might have all deeply influenced Wang Wei when he was doing service in Shan-tung. His enthusiasm to Taoism became more remarkable since he had made himself a retired scholar and to live in seclusion in the Mount Sung嵩山 one of the most important centers of Taoism during the T'ang Dynasty. Socially, during this seclusive period in the Mount Sung, Wang Wei had got acquainted with some Taoist priests and a younger scholar, Chang Yen 張諲. (4) His First Return to Ch'ang-an. Lo-yang was not only the Eastern capital of the Court of T'ang but also adjacent to the Mount Sung. Very possibly, Lo-yang had been chosen by Wang Wei as his first goal when he had left the Taoist center in the later half of 727. Port Meng 孟津 near Lo-yang located at the northern side of the Yellow River, seemed to have been Wang Wei's port for departing Lo-yang and in the same time as his first station for returning the capital. This point seems can be confirmed by two poems by Wang Wei himself. Of the poems we are informed that he had been anxiously longing for news from Ch'ang-an when he was in Port Meng. As to his route traveled, it seemed that the first part of the journey between Port Meng and the capital, Ch'ang-an, was made by taking junk in the Yellow River. The rest of the journey westward to Ch'ang-an was then, most probably, made by land travel. (5) His Trip to the State ef Liang. From 727 to the first half of 736, Wang Wei had no travel. Yet, in the autumn of 736, he had officially been appointed as a personal secretary to Tsui Hsi-i崔希逸, the Regional Commandor in charge of the Ho-hsi area河西節度使 (his responsible area was of the present Kan-su province and part of the Chinese Turkestan). Therefore Wang Wei must had traveled from Ch'ang-an to the State of Liang涼州 , or the present Wu-wei武威, where set the Office of the Ho-hsi Regional Commandor. Regards his route traveled, it seenmed that starting from the capital he had been touring westwards alongside the Wei River渭水. After having gone through the Ta-san-kuan大散關 pass followed by tripping to the northwest, Wang Wei reached the T'ien-shui天水 area after crossing over the Mount Lung 隴山. (6) His Farther Grand Tour in the Northwest. In the early spring of 737, Tsui Hsi-i had been fighting with the T'u-fan吐蕃 tribe in the present Tibit. Instead of following Tsui's troop, Wang Wei had moved from the State of Liang to the State of Kan甘州 in the mowadays Chang-yeh張掖 at the Kan-su province. Further north to the place last mentioned, Wang Wei had even traveled up to Chü-yen居延, the farest city in the Chinese Turkestan under contral of Tsui Hsi-i's office. After only a short stay in Chü-yen, Wang Wei returned to the State of Liang; the base of Tsui's Office. He was, however, sent to the Inner Mongolia near the present Ho-t'ao河套 near the present Ordos area. In order to reach the Ho-t'ao area he had to go through the State of Yin靈州 (where set the Office of the Shuo-fang Regional Commander朔方節度使) and consequently to enter territory of the Office of the An-pei Governor安北都護府. Wang Wei would have nothing to do at the Inner Mongolia area except he had been signed for a special strategical mission. The State of Liang had geographically been framed by the T'u-fan or Tabit to its west and the Hui-ho回紇 or the Ugiur and the Easteru Tu-ch'uch東突厥 or the Turks to its cast. It seemed possible to assume that Wang Wei had been sent by Tsui Hsi-i to ask the Office of the Shuo-fang Regional Commandor to watch up the Ugiur and the Office of the An-pei Goovernor to watch up the Eastern Turks, or, necessarily to stop them if they wanted to attack Tsui Hsi-i's base when Tsui was fight with the Tibitan. Having completed this mission, he began to return to Ch'ang-an. The fihst station of his returning journey seemed to have been the Yü-lin Prefecture榆林郡, a thrritory of tee State of Sheng勝州, where it is idendified as a city with the same name now belong to the Left Wing of Ordos in the present Shui-yüan綏遠 province. Up to Yü-lin, Wang Wei's grand tour in the northwest to have reached its end. (7). His Second Return to Ch'ang-an. In the summer of 737, after having made his departure from Yu-lin and by traveling southward, Wang Wei had moved to the Hsin-chin Prefecture新秦郡, a district used to locate at 40 li west to place now called as Shen-mu district 神木 at the Shan-si province. By traveling continuiously to the south, it enabled Wang Wei to find his way to joint the major road alongside the River Wei, By repeating the direction of the route that he traveled from Port Ho-pei to the capital as he did in 737, Wang Wei returned to Ch'ang-an again. (8) His Trip to Hsiang-yang in Hu-pei. In 740 Wang Wei was appointed as Censor in Attentance 侍御史 and his responsible area was the greater district of Hsiang-yang in Hu-pei today. Geographically, he had been taking the Lan-t'ien-Wu-kuan Route藍田武關道, namely, the major route which to have been connecting the metropolitan area and the southeast Tang China. Wang Wei had firstly moved from the capital to Hsi-chuan淅川, a city located at the southwest Ho-nan province and where it is not far away from the Tzu-ching-kuan紫荊關 pass. By taking junk in the Han River, Wang Wei moved down to Hsiang-yang. Sadly, a local scholar, Meng Hao-jan孟浩然 (689-730), whom Wang Wei had got acquainted in Ch'ang-an in 728, was just died shortly before Wang Wei's arrival. The study disagrees Lü Fu-ting's 呂佛庭 newey issued viewpoint of stating that Wang and Meng to have gathered again at Hsiang-yang in 740. (9) His Tour to Shu in the western China. Traveled by junk, again it had enabled Wang Wei to move from Hsiang-yang to Han-kou. Where he toured to the west to Shu蜀 or Ssu-chuan today. By passed through the famous gorges area distributing between the provinces of Hu-pei and Ssu-chuan, Wang Wei moved to the State of Pa巴州 where it is better known as Chung-ching 重慶today. (10) His Third Return to Ch'ang-an. From the State of Pa, by tourang along the Chia-ling River, Wang Wei traveled to Chien-man劍門 of the northern Shu. Where again further north he went to the Pao-ch'eng district and consequently he entered the present Shan-hsi province. Presumably by taking the new road of the Pao-hsia Route褒斜新道, for the third time Wang Wei returned to Ch'ang-an by entering the Ta-san-kuan pass in the west of the T'ang capital. (11) His Last Tour and Return to Ch'ang-an. Wang Wei's chance of re-cooperate with the central governmant of the Court of T'ang after he had returned to the capital from the Mount Sung was entirely opened up by Chang Chiu-ling 張九齡 (678-740), the Chief Minister at that time. However in 737 when Wang Wei returned to Ch'ang-an after his grand tour along the northwest frontier and Inner Mongolia, Chang Chiu-ling had already been banished to the State of Ching in Hu-pei. Caused by losing supportor of his political life on the one hand and forced, although indirectly, by Li Lin-fu 李林甫, the new successor of Chand Chiu-ling on the other hand, Wang Wei resigned his pose from the Court. In 744 he made himself once more as a retired scholar in the River Ch'i 淇水 at the present Ho-nan. He did not seturn capital in 747 until Chen Hsi-i陳希逸 was appointed as the new Chief Minister to replace Li Liu-fu Wang wei had no travel since then except he had frequently spanded some time in his country villa at Lan-t'ien near Ch'ang-an. Lan-t'ien seemed to have been the last place Wang Wei had traveled before his death happened in 761.