元代蒙古人漢化問題及其漢化之程度

On the Level of Sinicization of the Mongols in Yüan Times and Related Problems

柳存仁(LIU Ts'un-yan)

《新亞學報》 15卷 (1986/06) Pp. 113-200+ap5

並列摘要

This monograph of Prof. Liu, Professor Emeritus in Chinese at the Australian National University, deals with the very complicated situation the indigenous Chinese people faced during the period from the late thirteenth century to the mid-fourteenth century when China was under the Mongolian rule. It is divided into 5 correlated parts: (1) is about the life-style and customs of the Mongols such as the practice of Shamanism, the shoulder-blade prognostication, the court-life in a normad yurt, the unlimited polygamy and the various promiscuity concerning sex. In his discussion the author also emphasizes on the cold-blooded massacre on the grandest scale when a city or town fell to the Mongols not unresisted, as well as on the psychology of the early rulers who were so used to the normad environment and conditions, and were poorly educated in the ordinary sense. (2) and (3) are dealing with problems concerning domestic administration the Mongolian rulers were compelled to learn and to take precedent from the traditional Chinese institution. They were, however, assisted by a number of sinicized Khitans and Jurchens, and in particular, by the man Yeh-lü Ch'u-ts'ai (1189-1243) whose personal education, having been tempered in hard struggle and influenced also very strongly by Ch'an Buddhism, was, to use his own words, ＂a method of ignoring life and death and paying no attention to one's bitter experiences. Slander and praise could not affect him and sorrow and happiness could not touch him.＂ This is a very extraordinary application of the marvellous feat of Ch'an to the mind of a great scholar-official at the time of stress and confusion, ennobling the activities against a gruesome fate which Yeh-lü shared with some of his successors who helped the Khubilai Khan (r. 1260-1298) to build the Yüan empire as a hybrid dynasty on Chinese soil. (4) and (5) discuss the problem of how effective the sinicization had been, as well as the pivot of the issue, i.e., why that sinicization in Yüan had only partially succeeded, though the suffering of the people might have been mitigated to a certain extent.