宋代轉運使之職權

The Authority of the Zhuan Yun Shi in the Song Dynasty

謝興周(TSE Hing-chou)

《新亞學報》 18卷 (1997/07) Pp. 223-302+502

並列摘要

The responsibility and power of the Zhuan Yun Shi (轉運使) was of great importance in the Song Dynasty. They controlled military supplies, finance and tariffs, law courts and prisons, recruiting, defence and the inspection, assessment and management of local government officials. But in the early period of the Song Dynasty, they were mainly responsible for transporting and supplying army provisions. Later on, they began to control finance. And until the reign of Song Tai Zu (宋太祖), they did not control the personnel management of the local government officials. Thus, the Zhuan Yun Shi gradually became the highest officers in the Lu (路). Shen Zong (神宗) once said, ＂The prefecture governors are in charge of the management of the citizens. The fiscal officers are responsible for finance and tariffs. The officers of Kai Feng Fu (開封府) control punishment and prisons. But the Zhuan Yun Shi are in charge of all the above.＂ For this, we know that the Zhuan Yun Shi controlled the chief affairs of the whole Lu, including civil administration, household registers, public security, land systems, national defence, finance and economics, culture, examinations, personnel management, and law courts and prisons. Some scholars opine that the Zhuan Yun Shi had no dealings with military affairs. But this is not true. During the reigns of Tai Zu and Tai Zong, the Zhuan Yun Shi often took part in military planning and war situations. And for a long time, in some Lu, the Zhuan Yun shi had military powers. During the period of Shen Zong some Zhuan Yun Shi even organised and built up the people's militia. Subsequently, the power of the Zhuan Yun Shi was reduced in the Southern Song. At that time, most of them became the subordinates of the Shuai Shi (the generals). But generally speaking, the Zhuan Yun Shi had been in charge of the chief affairs of the whole Lu. It is thus worthwhile to look into the powers of the Zhuan Yun Shi in the Song Dynasty. This paper only discusses the major powers of the Zhuan Yun Shi.