- 期刊
民初「五教合一」論述的兩個類型－以李佳白與道院為例（1921-1927）
Two Types of Discourses on ＂the Unification of the Five Religions＂ in Early Republican China: The Cases of Gilbert Reid and Dao Yuan, 1921-1927
摘要
本文旨在探究民國初年「五教合一」論述的言說內容與理論建構，以基督教傳教士李佳白與救世團體道院的五教話語為探討對象，指出兩方雖然同樣持有「五教合一」的主張，但事實上可劃分為「五教聯一」與「五教歸一」兩個子類型。前者是李佳白的立場，透過「各教聯合」的倡議，將五教乃至所有宗教串聯為一個宗教界的聯盟，企圖通過「教際」關係的改善解決「國際」關係的紛爭；後者則是道院的立場，透過扶乩設壇的儀式活動，塑造出以至聖先天老祖為最高主宰、統領五教的一神論架構，藉此呼籲五教之徒皆須認明五教同源之道，從而會歸於一。從兩造的宣教意圖來思考「五教合一」論述功能，本文指出，李佳白聯合各教的目的，在於使基督教能躋身與各宗教平等對話的位置，乃對民教衝突與反教運動的回應與自我正當化；道院則是藉由宣稱先天大道具有「超宗教」的絕對性，收攝除三教之外在中國社會影響力愈漸龐大的耶、回二教，使加入道院的修方確實包括基督徒與穆斯林，本文即以侯雪舫為例，闡述其作為「道院中的基督徒」的信仰型態，並以侯氏代表道院向李佳白致詞的文本內容，分析李佳白與道院兩方的彼此理解，並針對兩造相互誤讀之處加以辨析，從而廓清兩方似同實異的「五教合一」論述。
並列摘要
This paper examines the discourses on ＂the unification of the five religions＂ in the early Republican period, using the activities of Gilbert Reid, an American Christian missionary, and Dao Yuan, a redemptive society, as case studies. Despite the fact that both Reid and Dao Yuan advocated for the unification of the ＂five religions＂ (Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, Christianity, and Islam), I argue that they in fact sought two different types of unification, which I identify as ＂united as one＂ and ＂converged into one.＂ The former is the stance taken by Gilbert Reid, who advocated for the union of religions in China, attempting to resolve conflicts at the level of international relations via improving interreligious relations. The latter approach is what Dao Yuan maintained in its texts produced by spirit-writing, which adhere to the primary belief that the five religions share the same source-Dao-and thus all religions are supposed to converge into one so as to trace back to the Dao. This paper shows that the two parties' disparate visions of ＂the unification of the five religions＂ had different discursive functions. Gilbert Reid's undertaking of uniting the religions in China was to enable Christianity to stand on an equal footing when facing other major Chinese religions, and thus have a source legitimacy that would allow it to respond to anti-missionary riots and anti-Christian movements. Conversely, by claiming that the Dao is ＂para-religious,＂ Dao Yuan sought to proselytize to the followers of Christianity and Islam, which were at the time increasingly influential in Chinese society. These efforts indeed succeeded in attracting some Christians and Muslims to participate in Dao Yuan activities while keeping their original religious identities. I present a notable Dao Yuan figure, Hou Xuefang, as an example to explore the dual identity of ＂being a Christian in Dao Yuan,＂ and analyze the text of his speech, addressed on behalf of Dao Yuan to Gilbert Reid, along with Reid's indirect response, to reflect on their mutual understanding as well as misreadings of one another. In so doing I distinguish the major differences in their discourses on the unification of the five religions.