哀弔與重建：章詒和散文的敗者美學

作為敗者，既是自嘲，也是反諷。身為毛澤東欽定的「中國第一大右派」章伯鈞之女，章詒和目睹父母與其友人在反右運動與文化大革命中遭受政治迫害。然而，他們雖是政治運動中的輸家，卻擁有精神的永恆勝利。本文擬從此一角度切入，探討章詒和如何書寫「敗者」，又如何在書寫中建構屬於敗者的「美學」。相較八零年代以降的傷痕文學，書寫者往往大量暴露自身在文革運動中的創傷經驗，章詒和的散文不以「我」為唯一的抒情主體，而是從後來者的視角描繪父輩「敗者」，並在自身的「哀弔」行動中形成雙重的抒情聲音。對於敗者的緬懷既顯示章氏致力於重建過往人文精神，更隱含寫作有「情」往事／歷史的企圖。為了交錯個人情感與歷史敘事，章詒和採取「斷片」的書寫形式和冷熱交織的筆法，同時關注物質與空間，使得章氏的抒情之作同時兼具史與文的質地，並且讓散文的力與美達到和諧一致。這是「敗者」贈與的精神遺產，同時也在特殊的歷史情境與人文傳統中，營造出章詒和獨具一格的抒情散文美學。

關鍵字

章詒和；敗者美學；哀弔；抒情散文；集體記憶

並列摘要

Identifying as a loser can be done in both self-deprecating and ironic ways. As the daughter of Zhang Bojun, ＂China's number one rightist＂ appointed by Mao Zedong, Zhang Yihe witnessed the political persecution of her parents and their peers during the Anti-Rightist Campaign and the Cultural Revolution. Despite being losers in the political campaign, they possessed a spirit of eternal victory. This article uses this aspect of Zhang Yihe's personal background to explore how she writes about losers and how she constructs the aesthetics of losers in her works. Compared with the ＂scar literature＂ that has existed since the 1980s-in which authors often expose large amounts of their personal traumatic experiences during the Cultural Revolution-Zhang Yihe's prose does not use the ＂I＂ as its only lyrical subject, and instead depicts the ＂losers＂ of her father's generation from the perspective of a latecomer. As her own personal voice takes part in the action of mourning, her writing thus possesses two layers of lyrical voices. Zhang's reminiscences of losers demonstrates that she is not only committed to reconstructing the humanistic spirit of the past, but also that she makes an attempt to keep ＂sentiments＂ in mind while writing narratives and histories. In order to blend personal sentiments with historical narratives, Zhang uses a ＂fragmented＂ writing style, intertwines both undemonstrative and passionate tones, and focuses on objects and spaces. In conclusion, by carving spiritual heritage bestowed by the losers, Zhang Yihe creates her own unique lyrical prose aesthetics of losers.

並列關鍵字

Zhang Yihe ； the aesthetics of losers ； mourning ； lyrical prose ； collective memory

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