追究加害人？從轉型正義之法（Lex Transitus）觀察後社會主義國家之捷克與波蘭經驗

Investigate the Offender? Observing the Experiences in Post-Socialist Countries Czech and Poland from Lex Transitus

林佳和(Jia-He Lin)

《黨產研究》 7期 (2021/12) Pp. 169-269

摘要

在國家不法與轉型正義之發展脈絡中，刑事追訴、特赦、真相委員會、賠償補償與財產返還、公部門人事清查－亦常稱之除垢（Lustration），並列為轉型之法（Lex Transitus）暨五大轉型正義手段內容，其中，刑事追訴、特赦、公部門人事清查，顯然針對被害人，不論站在應報式或修復式正義的幾點上。針對後轉型正義國家之追究昔日國家不法行為之加害人，不同國家與社會，在各自不同的主客觀條件下，交互、組合或前後動態式的運用之。從法治國模式下的刑事追訴義務出發，到與其相關之特赦，再直指以政府廉正性作為核心目的之公部門人事清查，必須衡量個別國家與社會所面臨之「特殊轉型條件」，從全面採取、部分採取（不同質與量）到可能的不予採取不同手段，不論最終的制度選擇為何，「政治檔案的掌握、處理與公開」，均屬不可或缺的前提要件，它扮演著轉型之法得以實踐的關鍵地位。以公部門人事清查制度為例，類似捷克之大規模、以集體性究責、形式資格（特定職務、特定身份）為聯繫因素的做法，或類似波蘭般之申報制度，至如有特定刑事犯行追訴之事實，則連結至現行公務人員懲戒體系即有處理之依據及必要，均值推動轉型正義工程之台灣參酌。

關鍵字

轉型正義 ； 應報式正義 ； 修復式正義 ； 刑事追訴 ； 特赦 ； 公部門人事清查 ； 除垢 ； 捷克除垢 ； 波蘭除垢

並列摘要

In the context of the development of state wrongdoing and transitional justice, in addition to criminal prosecution, amnesty, truth commission, reparations, compensation and return of ill-gotten assets, vetting public employees, also known as Lustration, is also listed as Lex Transitus and one of the five major means of transitional justice. Different countries and societies, under their own different subjective and objective conditions, use them interactively, combined or dynamically. On the institutional spectrum of criminal prosecution, amnesty and not the least vetting public employees, the 'special transition conditions' faced by individual countries and societies must be measured, from full adoption, partial adoption (different quality and quantity) to possible non-adoption, regardless what the final choice of the system is. Grasping, processing and disclosure of political archives, should be the indispensable prerequisites for all these. It plays a key role in the practice of Lex Transitus. The large-scale approach of the Czech Republic, which uses collective accountability and formal qualifications (such as specific positions or identities) as connecting factors, whether or not a Polish reporting system is further adopted. And if there are facts suggesting a specific criminal offense, it would be appropriate and necessary to deal with it through the existing public service disciplinary system, also in Poland, can provide us in Taiwan good references about accomplishing the transitional justice.

並列關鍵字

Transitional Justice ； Retributive Justice ； Restorative Justice ； Criminal Prosecution ； Amnesty ； Vetting Public Employees ； Lustration ； Lustration in Czech ； Lustration in Poland