王陽明與道教

Unlike such orthodox Confucian scholars as Ts'ao Tuan 曹端and Ho Tang 何瑭, Wang Yang-ming (1472-1529) never made violent attacks on Buddhism and Taoism. In fact, despite his father's dislike of Taoism, a number of interesting incidents in Yang-ming's early life and then his later pursuits testify to his own interest in Taoism, expressed also by his ancestors from as far back as six generations. It was a wholesome idea for a Confucian scholar to know something about other schools of thought and to use some 'heretic' terms in his discourses as Ch'ên Po-sha 陳白沙 and Chan Jo-shui 湛若水did. But Wang Yang-ming's commitment to Taoist studies was much deeper than this. Since nearly 80 % of his writings are dated, we may trace his attitude towards popular, religious Taoism, and particularly towards the Golden Pill school. That this attitude had undergone a change we know from his letter to Chu Yang-po諸陽伯 in 1505. ['To seek a long life one should seek goodness; the Golden Pill cannot be sought outside oneself. For thirty years I have been in the wrong; it is time for me to regret. Tsêng Yang-po, Ch'üan-chi, 19/11a] If we list all relevant essays or poems which he wrote from 1508 to 1527 we may find that his attitude was still vaccilating. In 1521, in his letter to Chan Jo-shui he clearly expresses his dislike of Taoist practices. And yet in a letter to his disciple Lu Ch'êng陸澄in the same year, while clearly showing his disapproval of Taoist pursuit of longevity and other forms of perversion, his general attitude towards mental cultivation by Taoists appears to be irresolute It' was also in 1521 that he is said to have begun his teaching of innate knowledge, and we see that even seven years before his death the Taoist theories of cultivation had not entirely left his mind. Thus we can say that to be true to himself, he should have realized that there was an eternal conflict in his mind which he could not solve, for it was his firm belief, even after the relinquishment of his Taoist pursuits, that 'the subtle difference between the teaching of the sage and that of the other two schools is so small that it is merely a difference of one-thousandth of an atom.' (Ch'uan-hsi Lu, 1/28b)

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王陽明與道教

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