票塞《中國與達爾文》和史華慈《中國古代思想界》

A Joint Review of Benjamin I. Schwartz's The World of Thought in Ancient China and James Reeve Pusey's China and Charles Darwin

王煜(Wong Yuk)

《中國文化研究所學報》 19卷 (1988/01) Pp. 423-431

https://doi.org/10.29708/JCS.CUHK.198801_19.0022

並列摘要

Inspired by Karl Jaspers's idea of ＂axial age＂ in The Origin and End of History, Prof. Schwartz surveyed Chinese intellectual history of our ＂first millennium B.C.＂ Although Chad Hansen observed that Chinese classical language lacked abstractions, Schwartz indicated that terms like jen (humanity) are indeed abstract. He contributed a lot beyond citing the works of Kwang-chih Chang 張光直, Lan T'ang 唐蘭, Derk Bodde, Henri Maspero, David Keightley, Herrlee Creel, Étienne Balazs, Joseph Needham, Ying-shih Yu 余英時, Herbert Fingarette, David Nivison, Chün-i T'ang 唐君毅, A.C. Graham, Fu-kuan Hsü 徐復觀, D.C. Lau 劉殿爵, Donald Munro, Leon Vandermeersch, Mu Ch'ien 錢穆, Max Weber, Marcel Granet, Nathan Sivin, Willard Peterson, Joseph Levenson, Richard Wilhelm, Hou-hsüan Hu 胡厚宣, Yu-lan Feng 馮友蘭, Mo-jo Kuo 郭沫若, Kung-ch'uan Hsiao 蕭公權, William Soothill, and many Japanese sinologists. It is a pity that he neglected the achievements of Tsung-san Mou 牟宗三, Wing-tsit Chan 陳榮捷, Yi-pao Mei 梅貽寶, Chung-yuan Chang 張鍾元, Wm. Th. de Bary, and some younger Chinese scholars. However, he managed to compare Chinese, Jewish Indian, and Western traditions in global perspectives. Under Schwartz's supervision, Pusey wrote his doctoral dissertation on Darwin's impact on Chinese thought. After Kuo Sung-t'ao 郭嵩燾 learnt about Spencer, Darwin, Mill, and Montesquieu, Yen Fu 嚴復 introduced Darwinism into China and became its ＂greatest Social Darwinist＂ as Pusey vividly put it, K'ang Yu-wei 康有為 became its first eminent Anti-Darwinist; while Liang Ch'i-ch'ao 梁啟超, nearly a Chinese Huxley. As modern China's first determinist-activist, K'ang appealed to teleology in order to preach progress; whereas Liang and Yen hovered between ＂Taoist Darwinism＂ and ＂Confucian Darwinism＂. Further, Pusey wisely noted that Sun Yat-sen 孫逸仙 overlooked the Wallace-Darwin debate concerning the brain, Wu Chih-hui 吳稚暉 forgot Kropotkin's concept that conscience was part of biological inheritance and then sounded more Huxleian than Kropotkinian, and Li Shih-tseng 李石曾 contrasted Mencian emotional conscience with superior Hsun-tzian intellecutual love.