顧炎武、曹溶論交始末-明遺民與清初大吏交遊初探

Gu Yanwu (1613-1682), a struggling examination candidate under the Ming (1368-1644) and a prominent i-min (loyalist) after the Manchu conquest, paid a visit in 1662 to Cao Rong (1613-1685), a former official of the Ming who was then serving the Qing (1644-1912). This meeting, which took place in Cao's residence in Datong (where he was serving as lieutenant-governor of Shanxi), marked the beginning of a close yet unusual friendship between an anti-Qing activist and a collaborator with the new regime, a friendship that lasted some twenty years until Gu's death in 1682. Evidence of a friendship between Gu and Cao can be found in a number of Cao's poems which have been included in his collected works, the Jingtitang shiji. These poems chronicle, usually in vivid detail, the growth of a friendship between the two. For instance, one of the poems (in 38 stanzas) describes their first meeting in 1662, on which occasion they discussed their common interest in issues of national defense, tax collection, and historical geography. Other poems record their later meetings: in 1663 (again in Datong); in 1664 (in Beijing, with Sun Chengze [1593-1675], another former Ming official turned Qing administrator); in 1666 (near the Yanmen Pass, where Gu had just begun a land reclamation project); and finally in 1669, in Daming, Hebei. Shortly after Gu's death in 1682, Cao wrote two poems, in seven-syllable regulated style, to eulogize his friend. A number of reasons might account for the fact that the friendship between Gu and Cao has heretofore received no attention from recent scholars of the late Ming and early Qing. First, Cao's collected poetry, published in 1724, was later banned by the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735-1795), and it thus has not between widely circulated. Second, Gu Yanwu had carefully edited from his own work any reference to Cao Rong, possibly for fear of later criticism. Third, and perhaps most important, scholars thus far have customarily viewed those who served the Qing and those who remained loyal to the Ming as two bitterly hostile groups; in this view, any communication between the i-min and the collaborators is likely unimaginable. In view of our discovery of the close friendship between Gu and Cao, it is now clearly necessary to re-examine the traditional way of categorizing literati of the early Qing purely on the basis of their political affiliations.

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