鴉片、鬼兵、珠海老漁：晚清廣東詩人張維屏鴉片戰爭期間所作詩管窺

在中國近代史上，廣州有極其重要的地位；中國與列強的衝突，也最常發生在廣州。本文在晚清世變日亟的時代背景下，探論一系列晚清廣東大詩人張維屏（1780-1859）創作於兩次鴉片戰爭期間的詩篇。張氏傳世詩二千餘，琳琅滿目，而本文所關注者，在其致仕歸鄉後之作。張氏辭官以前之詩，多模山範水、觴詠花月、宴遊唱酬、感懷身世之屬，而其六十歳後的一些作品，則與時代的重大歷史事件息息相關，在內容及技巧上都起了新變。張維屏集詩人、文人、學者、官員、士紳諸身份於一身，在兩次鴉片戰爭期間多有創作，敢於任事，是考察晚清文士／知識分子的思想、情感、生命經驗的極佳個案。本文在詮釋策略上有一新嘗試。張維屏詩集大致以年月先後編次，本身就呈顯著一部「生命史」，可以循之展開一個以張氏視界為導向的「賦義」進程。本文將依據相關文本原來的次序展開閱讀，盡量不作調動，藉著字詞所指點、提示的方向、情景，進入特定的歷史片段，再循之而尋繹時代更大的歷史場景，以之闡發張維屏的所思所感，同時也展開歷史、文化、文學層面上的詮釋。

關鍵字

張維屏；晚清；廣州；鴉片戰爭；詩歌；生命史

並列摘要

As a southern port city and the capital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou (Canton) found itself at the epicenter of cultural and social changes and a battlefield between the declining Qing empire and aggressive foreign powers in late Qing times. This paper explores a series of poems composed by the celebrated Cantonese poet Zhang Weiping (1780-1859), who has, since the mid-nineteenth century, earned a place in the history of Chinese ＂Modern Poetry＂ for his verses revolving around the two Opium Wars. Zhang produced some two thousand poems over his long lifetime. Although brilliant and elegant, Zhang's pre-Opium War poems are typical of that of traditional literati art and culture. Many of his works in the 1840s and 1850s during the times of the Opium Wars, in comparison, are infused with historical and social nuances. These later poems of Zhang's are the primary subject matter of this study. Zhang Weiping was at once a poet, a literatus, a scholar, an official, and a member of the local gentry. His life experience and poems furnish us with an excellent opportunity to observe how late Qing literati intellectuals responded to the challenges and opportunities presented by the internal disintegration and foreign influences. The present author interprets Zhang's poems through both literary and historical lenses, but does not subject the texts to rigid thematization and totalization. Zhang's poems are represented chronologically over time to make way for a signification process in which Zhang's state of mind and way of seeing the world are exemplified. Subsequent discussions are situated within the broader universe of contemporary cultural-historical events and the pertinent problems and scenarios of Guangdong.