從「般舟三昧」到「念佛三昧」：「一行三昧」之源流考

From Pratyutpanna-samādhi to Nianfo Sanmei: the Study of the Sources of One-practice Samādhi

白冰(Bai Bing)

《禪與人類文明研究》 2期 (2017/12) Pp. 1-17

摘要

般舟三昧與念佛三昧儘管都屬於念佛法門，但有很大不同。東漢末年，隨著安世高、支婁迦讖的譯經，般舟三昧、安般禪等禪法傳入漢地。般舟三昧是早期佛教大乘法門，重於定中見佛，並與佛作答，顯示了超越性的一面，神異色彩濃重，終被後來尊於齋戒信願的淨土宗念佛法門所取代。鳩摩羅什所譯《坐禪三昧經》中的念佛三昧通於大乘、部派佛教，這是與般舟三昧不同的地方。部派佛教行者通過念佛三昧可以滅除重罪；大乘行者可得大慈悲、大自在，此為菩薩念佛三昧。念佛三昧的人間性、現實性更為濃厚一些。不過般舟三昧與念佛三昧都沒有如來藏的思想。禪宗四祖道信選擇了一行三昧作為修行方法，將如來藏思想融入其中。而其理論來源，一方面是《文殊說般若經》，另一方面就是鳩摩羅什所倡念佛三昧，從修持主體、修持過程為一行三昧奠定了基礎。從般舟三昧、念佛三昧到一行三昧，體現了大乘禪法在漢地的演變過程；對於梳理早期禪宗禪法的源頭、把握禪宗的興起與發展，具有重要的理論意義。

關鍵字

般舟三昧 ； 念佛三昧 ； 一行三昧

並列摘要

Although Pratyutpanna-samādhi and Nianfo sanmei all belong to the Nianfo dharma-paryāya, they are very different. Pratyutpanna-samādhi entered China through translation of Buddhist scriptures of An Shigao and Lokaṣema during the late Eastern Han dynasty. Pratyutpannasamādhi is the early Mahā-yāna dharma-paryāya of seeing the Buddha, and shows a sense of mysterious transcendentalism. But it was later replaced by Nianfo dharma-paryāya of Pure Land school of East Asian Buddhism. Dhyāna-niṣṭhita-samādhi-dharmaparyāya-sūtra, translated by Kumarajiva, presents ideas shared by Mahā-yāna and Hīna-yāna. This is different from the Pratyutpanna-samādhi. By practicing Nianfo sanmei of Hīna-yāna, one can erase the karmic seeds of one's crimes. By practicing Nianfo sanmei of Mahā-yāna Bodhisattva, one can get the attainments of īśvara and maitrī. This reveals that Nianfo sanmei is more realistic and worldly. But both Pratyutpanna-samādhi and Nianfo sanmei do not advocate thoughts of Tathāgata-garbha. Daoxin, the fourth patriarch of the traditional Chan sect, integrated thoughts of Tathāgata-garbha into his One-practice samādhi. It adopts the ideas of Wenshushili suoshuo mohebore boluomi jing and the Nianfo Sanmei of Dhyāna-niṣṭhita- samādhi-dharmaparyāya-sūtra. The Pratyutpanna-samādhi, Nianfo Sanmei and One-practice Samādhi together reflect the evolution process of Chan practice in China, which is of important theoretical significance for understanding the origin and development of the Chinese Chan sect.

並列關鍵字

Pratyutpanna-samādhi ； Nianfo sanmei ； One-practice samādhi