漢中山靖王劉勝墓錯金博山爐及其製作技術研究－附論漢代失蠟法及其鑄造工藝傳統

A Technical study of the Gold-inlaid Bronze boshanlu (Mountain censer) Excavated from the Tomb of Liu Sheng (165-113 BCE) and Its Manufacturing Processes: With a Side Discussion on the Lost-wax Process in the Western Han (206 BCE-9 CE) and the Pertinent Casting Tradition

蘇榮譽(SU Rongyu) ； 李耀光(LI Yaoguang)

《饒宗頤國學院院刊》 8期 (2021/09) Pp. 109-138

摘要

1968年，在河北省保定市滿城區陵山發掘的中山靖王劉勝及其配偶竇綰墓，在中國考古學史和藝術史上都是重大事件，但對其中出土器物的研究遠不匹配，本文試圖以其中所出土的代表性器物，即著名的劉勝墓錯金博山爐作案例研究，藉以彌補此前研究的不足。文章首先詳細披露了器物的風格與裝飾，辨析和糾正了前人對此器的認識和功能的某些論述，並在此基礎上討論了器物的鑄造和裝飾工藝。由於在爐體發現了墊片，據此可以否定前人認定全器均為失蠟鑄造的說法，繼而確定只有爐蓋屬失蠟鑄件，同時指出爐與座以銷釘連接（銷接）來聯繫。最後討論了中原的失蠟鑄造傳統，一方面，複雜得連塊範法也不能鑄造的部件才會以失蠟法鑄造，但另一方面，凡可通過分鑄完成的部件，則會儘量採用分鑄法製作。這件西漢王室作坊製作的博山爐依然遵從此一傳統。

關鍵字

劉勝墓 ； 青銅博山爐 ； 中原式失蠟法 ； 塊範法 ； 銷接

並列摘要

The excavation of the tombs of both Liu Sheng 劉勝 (165-113 BCE), king of Zhongshan 中山 (r. 154-113 BCE), and his queen Dou Wan 竇綰 (d. ca. 113-104 BCE) at Mount Lingshan in Mancheng district, Baoding city, Hebei province, was considered a milestone not only in the history of Chinese archaeology but also in the art history of early China. Unfortunately, most of the objects unearthed from the tombs have not been studied in depth, as they rightly deserve. This paper serves as a case study of one of the most representative objects among the finds, namely an exceptional gold-inlaid bronze boshanlu 博山爐 (mountain censer), with a special focus on its manufacturing processes and the casting techniques involved. The paper first examines the mountain censer's structure, decorations, and traces of the techniques visible on the artefact in detail before summarizing the scholarly debates regarding its typology, patterns, and the intended function while correcting some of the conjectures. Due to the recent discovery of spacers inside the body, the object in question could only be cast in piece molds rather than using lost-wax process as previously suggested. We can now be certain that the cover is a product of lost-wax casting, and the body and its set are connected by an iron dowelled joint. Finally, based on years of research on bronze foundries in early China, this paper proposes the new concept of ＂Central Plain Lost-wax Casting.＂ The implications are twofold. Firstly, the lost-wax process was adopted to make extremely complicated appurtenances or ornaments only when they were not possible by the means of piece-mold casting. Secondly, if the components could be cast in section molds and assembled afterwards through dowelling, riveting, or welding, the piece-mold casting was almost always the preferrable choice. The marvelous boshanlu, produced by the imperial workshop in the Western Han (206 BCE-9 CE), is a perfect example to illustrate these two points.

並列關鍵字

Tomb of Liu Sheng ； bronze boshanlu (mountain censer) ； the Central Plain Lost-wax Casting ； piece-mold casting ； dowelling