武漢方言的小稱音變研究

武漢方言的小稱音變一般被認為是兒化韻的殘留。然而，我們對武漢方言的小稱音變之語音結構以及語意進行實地考察及探索，提出武漢方言的小稱音變現象極有可能為鼻音尾/鼻化小稱的殘餘，而非一般認為的「類兒化音變」。武漢方言的音變特點是只發生在有韻尾的字，外別是[i]、[u]、[n]、[ŋ]四個韻尾。在音變形式中，本音的韻尾丟失，而核心韻母的音質則略為修改並且有中和的現象，我們採用曹逢甫（2006）漢語方言鼻音尾/鼻化小稱語法化輪迴的架構，論證武漢方言的小稱音變應該是由鼻音尾-n的加綴所引起；此外，-n的加級還導致詞幹音節結構的改變以及元音趨同為前中元音[ε]及後中元音[ɔ]。曹逢甫（2006）漢語方言鼻音尾/鼻化小稱語法化輪迴的架構提到，當鼻音尾/鼻化小稱詞虛化到成為一種殘留的現象時，會發展出固定的小稱調。像這樣在原本的小稱詞虛化後，以變調做為補償的例子，也可以在武漢方言裡發現。基於以上幾項論証我們很有理由相信在多少年前武漢方言應有一段很長的時間具有鼻音尾小稱詞－n。這個鼻音尾小稱，跟現代吳方言的鼻音尾小稱一樣，後來都經驗了詞幹韻尾取代，鼻化韻母形成，鼻化韻母合併，聲調合併以及去鼻化韻的階段。而目前殘留的例外字正是演化過程不同階段所留下的語言「化石」。

關鍵字

武漢方言；小稱音變；類兒化音變；鼻音尾/鼻化小稱詞；元音趨同小稱調

並列摘要

It is generally believed that the phonological modification of diminutive in Wuhan and some of its neighboring dialects is a matter of R-suffixation. The actual changes are, however, so different from the typical R-suffixation. In this paper, we suggest that the modified forms in Wuhan represents the residues of diminutive nasal endings, and not a result of the R-suffixation. In the diminutive rimes of Wuhan Dialect, the original codas are replaced by /n/ and the original vowels are neutralized as a result of vowel nasalization, eventually yielding /ε/ and /ɔ/. For example, /sa/-/san/-/sã/-/sε/ 'sand' /to/-/ton/-/tõ/-/tɔ/ 'bean' Within the framework of the grammaticalization cycle (Tsao, 2006) and also on the basis of a the cross-dialectal comparison, we find convergent rime changes in a number of other dialects similar to those in Wuhan. Thus, in this paper, we argue that the diminutive forms in Wuhan dialect are residues of nasal suffixation, instead of R-suffixation. The nasal suffixation results in syllabic changes and vowel convergences. We believe that in the past diminutive nasal endings were productive in Wuhan, as in the case of the Wu dialects. Towards the end of the grammaticalization cycle, however, the nasalized vowels, which served as the diminutive marker at that stage, are denasalized, ending with the diminutive forms in today's Wuhan dialect.

並列關鍵字

Wuhan dialect ； Diminutive rime change ； R-suffixation ； Diminutive nasal ； ending/nasalization ； Vowel convergence

國際替代計量

武漢方言的小稱音變研究

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