宋姜白石词旁谱所见四声调型

Reconstruction of Tones in the Song Dynasty

游汝杰(You Rujie)

《Journal of Chinese Linguistics》 16卷2期 (1988/06) Pp. 246-263

摘要

宋姜夔（约1155－1221）着《白石道人歌曲》六卷，其中有十七首词自注旁谱，这是现存唯一的宋词乐谱。它所注的是当时的俗字谱，字形怪异，元明时代没有人解读。自清代方成培以后，一百多年来中外学者相继考辨，成绩斐然。近人夏承焘权衡诸家之得失，考证更加严谨详核，并将其译为今工尺谱。音乐史家杨荫浏在乐律方面的考证尤称细密，更将其译为五线谱。至此这十七首词的乐谱已经完全破译。白石词旁谱不仅对词史和宋乐的研究有着极高的价值，而且对宋代汉语声调调形的研究也能提供重要的线索。本文辟白石词的字声和乐曲作比较，来探讨宋代汉语声调的调形。西方的语言是以轻重音为超音段的主要特征的，轻重音能够辨义，所以西方的诗歌和声乐作品的节奏和旋律是以强拍和弱拍相间作为基础的。汉语（如北京话）的轻声虽然有时也能辨义，但是那是限于少数词汇，并没有形成普遍的规律。汉语的主要超音段特征是声调，汉语有声调的特点对于旧体诗词和声乐作品的节奏和旋律有着明显的影响。声调和乐调得主要特征是音高变化，所以字调和乐曲本来就有内在联系。不过汉语的声调除了有高低的不同之外，还有升、降、曲的变化。中国的声乐作品的旋律显以字音的声调为基础的。

並列摘要

Tone is the main suprasegmental feature of Chinese. The musical rhythm and melody of traditional Chinese poems and vocal music works are built on the basis of tones of characters. This paper attempted to reconstruct the four tones in the Song Dynasty on the basis of musical scores attached to the seventeen ci (词) written by the famous poet and musician Jiang Baishi (姜白石 1155-1221). Since ci (词)is poetry written to certain tunes with strict tonal patterns and rhyme schemes, the rising and falling of music scales in the procession of music compositions may help us reconstruct the patterns of the tones. The proposed contours of the four tones are as follows: level, falling, rising and fast closing level.