「佛教與暴力」之研究評述與方法省思

佛教與暴力，自二戰以來，成為世界佛教研究關注的熱點議題，也形成了一定的問題意識與研究範式，本文嘗試對上述內容進行研究評述與方法省思，以探求討論「佛教與暴力」問題的最佳路徑：認識到文本中心、「純正佛教」的研究限制、從實體主義轉向功能主義、在中西哲學視閾下的多音詮釋路徑。最後回到中國歷史情境，儘管近代民族國家興起中的佛教暴力有其獨特的背景，但也非新事物，而有其更早的淵源。考察中古時期，尤其是魏晉南北朝、中晚唐乃至五代宋初等政治結構鬆動、文化活躍、民族融合時期的佛寺、僧人介入暴力衝突、戰爭問題，不僅有助於深入理解中國佛教的特徵及社會功能，也對思考近代的佛教與暴力問題具有重要參考價值。本文關心的是在當前既定的佛教學術話語下，探尋中國「佛教與暴力」的問題意識的特殊價值及對其展開研究的最佳方法。

關鍵字

佛教與暴力；批判佛教；文本中心；民族主義；多音詮釋

並列摘要

＂Buddhism and violence＂ has become a popular topic in Buddhist studies since World War II, and has developed a certain problematics and its own research paradigm. This paper attempts to review and reflect on some recent researches in order to explore the best way to discuss the issue of ＂Buddhism and violence.＂ This review points out the limitations of text-centered approach and its construction of ＂Pure Buddhism.＂ It also suggests to move from a substantive approach to a functionalist approach, and explores polyphonic hermeneutical paths in the context of Chinese and Western philosophies. Finally, I went back to the Chinese historical context. Although Buddhist violence in the emergence of the modern nation-state has its own unique context, it is nothing new, but rather has a much earlier origin. Through examining the involvement of Buddhist monasteries and monks in violent conflicts and wars during the Medieval China will not only help gain a better understanding of the characteristics and social functions of Chinese Buddhism, but also provide an important reference in dealing with ＂Buddhism and violence＂ in the modern era. This paper reviews the recent researches and reflects on their methods. It also explores the best ways to study it in the context of the established Buddhist academic discourse.