清末「文法」的空間－從《馬氏文通》到《漢文典》

The Ambiguity of ＂Wenfa＂: A Re-examination of Late Qing Chinese Grammar Textbooks

陸胤(Lu Yin)

《中國文學學報》 4期 (2013/12) Pp. 55-84

https://doi.org/10.6903/JCL.201312_(4).0003

摘要

隨着清末新學制的建立和完善，文學教育的方式，漸由誦讀涵泳轉變為課堂講授。與之相應，自戊戌維新前後起，教育改革者萌生出一種對於「文法」的想象和追求，希望為原先被認為無規矩可循的文章學，提供一套可在近代學制下授受的「規矩方圓」。清末十數年間，西洋近代的語法、修辭學知識體系，與中國傳統的小學、文章學相貫通，產生了從《馬氏文通》到《漢文典》的「文法教科書」系列。這一時期「文法」概念的伸縮空間極大，至少包括傳統文章作法、語法、修辭法三個互相混淆的層次。以往語法學、修辭學研究界對這段「混淆時期」多有不滿。本稿則立足於考察「文典」這一源自日本的「文法書」體式之流變，並上溯《馬氏文通》前後近代文法觀念的萌發，強調此種學科未定的狀態，反而能激發多元不覊的學科想象力。在「文法」伸縮自如的概念空間內，發生了從拉丁語法到日式「文典」著作的典範轉移，不僅折射出新式文學教育依違於普及、應用與專業研究之間的曲折進路，更有可能呼應近代以來知識傳遞方式的變化。

關鍵字

文法 ； 文典 ； 文章學 ； 國文教育 ； 知識轉型

並列摘要

Accompanied by the establishment of westernized school system in the 1900s, Chinese literary education gradually changed from traditional classic reciting (songdu 誦讀) towards modernized classroom teaching, where a common pursuit of ＂wenfa＂ 文法 (i.e. essay writing rules) emerged among the education reformers. Western items such as ＂grammar＂ and ＂rhetoric＂ inspired a series of new-styled grammar textbooks. From Ma Jianzhong's Mashi Wentong 馬氏文通 (Ma's Chinese Grammar, 1898) to Lai Yuxun's Han Wendian 漢文典 (A Manual of Chinese Grammar, 1906), all these grammar books attempted to develop a new approach to grasp the writing rules instead of some old style literary criticism which claimed there were ＂no rules to follow.＂ In the 1900s Chinese context, the term ＂wenfa＂ contained at least three mutually confusing meanings: grammar, rhetoric and old-styled Chinese literary training. This paper will take such a period of confusion as a moment of knowledge exchange. Dealing with the ambiguity of ＂wenfa,＂ the present investigation will focus on bunten 文典 or wendian, a grammar textbook category originating from Meiji Japan, which had a huge impact on the new-styled Chinese literary education. When the paradigm was transferred from Latin grammar to Japanese bunten works, the ambiguity of ＂wenfa＂ not only reflected education reformers' hesitation in popular acceptance, practicality and academic approach, but also echoed the long-term intellectual transformation since the western learning methods were introduced in China.

並列關鍵字

wenfa (writing rules) ； bunten/wendian (grammar textbook) ； Literary Learning ； Chinese literary education ； intellectual transformation