初探「國家管轄範圍以外地區」海洋環境與生物多樣性相關國際規範

A Preliminary Study on International Regulations Concerning Marine Environment and Biological Diversity in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

陳貞如(CHEN-JU CHEN)

《台灣國際法學刊》 15卷1期 (2018/12) Pp. 9-41

摘要

隨著全球海運發達、捕魚技術與海洋科技發展，人類對於「國家管轄範圍以外地區」及其資源之使用機會倍增，形成規範之必要。聯合國透過一系列的研究與談判，最終達成決議，在《聯合國海洋法公約》架構下，通過執行公約，因應「國家管轄範圍以外地區」之海洋環境與生物多樣性問題。2018年9月立法談判正式展開。透過檢視現有國際規範，包含全球性和區域性公約，可知目前規範之不足與瓶頸，以供未來立法之參考。參考此等公約之規範分析與經驗，新公約應全面性地與整合性地解決海域分區治理導致之落差和規範所有污染源。透過框架式立法，亦能使新公約與時俱進，因應各種新產生的環境問題與解決方法。透過建立有效的執行機制，亦能幫助新公約面對船旗國專屬管轄效力不彰和非締約國不受拘束之問題。

關鍵字

國家管轄範圍以外地區 ； 海洋保護區 ； 公海自由 ； 「區域」 ； 國際海事組織

並列摘要

Following rapid developments in global shipping, fishing skills and marine technology, humans have gained greater access to the Areas beyond National Jurisdiction and thus use these areas' respective resources. Thus, it has been necessary to adopt a set of new regulations. Upon a series of research and negotiations, the United Nations finally came to the consensus to adopt a resolution for a new implementation agreement under the UNCLOS framework. In September 2018, formally initiated were legislative negotiations. Upon analyses of modern international regulations including both global and regional ones, emerged have been such regulations' shortcomings and bottlenecks. On the basis of current regulations and mechanisms' various analyses and experiences, the new regulations should (from more holistic and integrated views) solve gaps rooted from the governance based on the maritime zonal approach and regulate all different pollutants' sources. Via a framework agreement's establishment, the new regulations can thus catch up with the developments of new environmental issues and standards. Needed as well is the establishment of a more effective implementation mechanism to solve the flag State jurisdiction's ineffectiveness and to constrain the non-party States' behaviors.

並列關鍵字

Areas beyond National Jurisdiction ； Marine Protected Areas ； Freedom of the High Seas ； the Area ； International Maritime Organization

參考文獻

姜皇池，《國際海洋法（上冊）》，2 版，新學林，2018 年。

姜皇池，《國際海洋法（下冊）》，2 版，新學林，2018 年。

黃異，《國際海洋法》，新學林，2017 年。

Boyle, Alan & Christine Chinkin, The Making of International Law (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

Brunnee, Jetta, Stephen J. Toope, Eyāl Benveniśtî & Moshe Hirsch, The Impact of International Law on International Cooperation: Theoretical Perspectives(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).