人間佛教的「菩薩道」修持進階及其社會融入探析－以太虛、法舫、星雲三位大師為中心的考察

An Analysis on the Practice of the Bodhisattva Path and its Integration into Society in Humanistic Buddhism: An Investigation Focusing on Master Taixu, Master Fafang, and Venerable Master Hsing Yun

唐忠毛(Tang Zhongmao)

《《人間佛教叢書》2018星雲大師人間佛教理論實踐研究》 2018 (2019/05) Pp. 64-83

摘要

太虛大師宣導的人間佛教秉承了大乘佛教的菩薩道精神，立足於「菩薩道」之四攝、六度、四無量心的慈悲利他社會服務精神，彰顯出大乘佛教的人間性品格與現實主義品格，以及佛教在現實社會生活中的慈悲、戒行與般若智慧。太虛提出人間佛教的菩薩道修持，應以修持「人菩薩」為基礎，「人菩薩」思想為人間佛教的修學奠定了基礎的指導思想與方法，同時「人菩薩」與「菩薩學處」也是太虛構建起整個人間佛教與社會關係框架的重要基礎。太虛的弟子法舫曾在「三自皈依」、「五戒行為規範」的基礎上提出了建立人間佛教的「七個程序」，作為引導在家居士與出家眾的人間佛教修持與社會行為規範。佛光山星雲大師為適應當代人的心智，因時因地提出了人間佛教的「戒定慧」三學，用簡潔的語言來開示人間佛教菩薩道的社會服務精神—即「三好」、「四給」、「五和」。其中，「三好」高度概括了「身、口、意」的佛教修持總則，引導信眾從日常行為與社會規範入手，「做好事、說好話、存好心」，讓真善美在現實社會裡生根。「四給」則是充分把握了「六度」之「布施」與「慈悲喜捨」的奉獻精神，「給人信心、給人歡喜、給人希望、給人方便」，將菩薩道精神切實地實踐於日常生活之中。而「三好」、「四給」的實踐理想，就是要實現「自心和悅、家庭和順、人我和敬、社會和諧、世界和平」的「五和」之人間淨土。

關鍵字

人間佛教 ； 菩薩學處 ； 凡夫菩薩（人菩薩） ； 社會和諧

並列摘要

Master Taixu advocated that Humanistic Buddhism adheres to Mahayana Buddhism's spirit of the Bodhisattva path. The compassionate spirit of service and benefiting others, based on the Four Means of Embracing, Six Perfections, and Four Immeasurables, demonstrates the humanistic and realistic character of Mahayana Buddhism. It also reveals the Buddhist practice of compassion, precepts, and prajna wisdom in daily life. As proposed by Taixu, the practice of the Bodhisattva Path in Humanistic Buddhism is a practice based on ＂human bodhisattvas.＂ The conception of ＂human bodhisattvas＂ establishes the foundation, direction, and method for the study and practice of Humanistic Buddhism. Correspondingly, Taixu established the relationship between Humanistic Buddhism and society based on a framework grounded on the notions of ＂human bodhisattvas＂ and ＂a bodhisattva's place of learning.＂ Fafang, a disciple of Taixu, formulated the Seven Procedures grounded in the Three Refuges and Five Precepts as guidelines on Humanistic Buddhist practice and social action for laity and monastics. Concurrently, the Three Acts of Goodness, Four Givings, and Five Harmonies are Venerable Master Hsing Yun's proposed, insightful, and modern adaptation of the Three Learnings: precepts, meditative concentration, and wisdom in Humanistic Buddhism. Through these, the spirit of the Bodhisattva Path in Humanistic Buddhism, reflected in community service, is succinctly explained. The Three Acts of Goodness encapsulate the essence of Buddhist practice in body, speech, and mind by guiding the devotees to ＂do good deeds, speak good words, and think good thoughts,＂ thereby fostering truth, virtue, and beauty in society. The Four Givings is a reformulation of generosity, one of the Six Perfections and a spirit of service that manifests loving-kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity. As a result, ＂giving others faith, giving others joy, giving others hope, and giving others convenience＂ are practiced as the spirit of the Bodhisattva in daily life. As such, a humanistic pure land is realized by practicing the Three Acts of Goodness and Four Givings, which give rise to the Five Harmonies: individual harmony achieved through joy, family harmony achieved through deference, interpersonal harmony achieved through respect, social harmony achieved through cooperation, and world harmony achieved through peace.

並列關鍵字

Humanistic Buddhism ； bodhisattva place of learning ； laity bodhisattvas ； social harmony