從漢語差比句歷時演變看客家話的句式發展

The Development of Comparative Constructions in Hakka Dialects: Based on the Diachronic Change of the Chinese Comparative Constructions

鄭縈(Ying Cheng) ； 謝職全(Chih-Chuan Hsieh)

《國立高雄科技大學學報》 1卷 (2019/07) Pp. 1-14

https://doi.org/10.6912/JNKUST.201907_1.0001

摘要

前人研究漢語比較句的歷時與共時演變指出，歷史上差比句式從「結果＋基準」型發展為「基準＋結果」型。本文在此基礎上，觀察客語方言差比句的歷時演變的發展。我們以19世紀巴色會傳教士的客家話文獻對照臺灣的語料，從統計數字上清楚看到客家話也是從「結果＋基準」型的過字式，逐漸走向「基準+結果」型的比字式，尤其是雙標記的比字式更具優勢；再就《紅樓夢》的差比句來看，也出現雙標式差比句，顯示並非客家話獨有的變化。

關鍵字

差比句 ； 客家話 ； 共時 ； 歷時

並列摘要

Previous studies on the diachronic and synchronic evolution of Chinese comparative sentences show that comparative constructions have developed from ＂comparative result + comparative object＂ type to ＂comparative object + comparative result＂ type. We further explore the diachronic change of comparative constructions in Hakka dialects. The corpora adopted in the paper include the Basel missionaries at the end of the nineteenth century, and Basic Hakka Vocabulary for Hakka Language Proficiency Examination-Intermediate, Intermediate and Advanced Materials (2014). The analysis shows that the dominant comparative constructions in Hakka dialects in Taiwan are those with double markers. It is observed that the Hakka data also follows the tendency, i.e., from ＂comparative result + comparative object＂ type to ＂comparative object + comparative result＂ type, but in addition, the comparative sentence patterns with double markers become dominant in modern Hakka dialects. Such phenomenon is found in Dream of Red Mansions, written in Qing dynasty, so the comparative constructions with double marker are not exclusive in Hakka dialects.

並列關鍵字

comparative constructions ； Hakka dialects ； synchronic ； diachronic