客語入聲音節與賽夏語喉塞音節之元音聲學比較研究

An Acoustic Comparison of Vowels Between Hakka Checked-Toned Syllables and Saisiyat Glottalized Syllables

張月珍(Yueh-Chen Chang) ； 鄭明中(Ming-Chung Cheng)

《國立高雄科技大學學報》 2卷 (2020/07) Pp. 1-39

https://doi.org/10.6912/JNKUST.202007_2.0001

摘要

本研究利用聲學來探究客語入聲音節與賽夏語喉塞音節的元音，一方面比較不同塞音韻尾[-p, -t, -k, -ʔ]對元音的影響，另一方面瞭解喉塞韻尾對賽夏語元音的影響。本研究的客語語料取自鄭明中（Cheng, 2012），賽夏語語料則取自原住民族委員會《線上賽夏語詞典》的語音檔。本研究利用Praat測量賽夏語輕音節與喉塞音節中的6個單元音的第一及第二共振峰頻率值，並將各個單元音的共振峰頻率值加總後平均，接著將共振峰平均值轉換為以聽覺為本的巴克值（Bark），並繪製客語與賽夏語的元音格局圖。分析比較結果如下：（一）塞音韻尾對客語元音的影響是舌位低化與央化，這兩種作用的影響程度大小與塞音發音部位有關。（二）喉塞韻尾對賽夏語元音的影響是舌位低化與前化。（三）不論是在輕音節或喉塞音節，賽夏語的/oe, ə/與/æ, a/兩組元音配對中的元音已傾向於合併為/ə/與/a/。（四）賽夏語輕音節/o/的發音位置與客語/u/相近，賽夏語喉塞音節/o/的發音位置與客語/o/相近，因此賽夏語[o]是因為喉塞韻尾將/u/的舌位低化所形成。最後，本研究建議將賽夏語的元音修正為4個（即/i,ə, a, u/），並修正賽夏語元音發音的細部描寫。

關鍵字

客語 ； 賽夏語 ； 元音 ； 聲學

並列摘要

This study acoustically explored the vowels in Hakka checked-toned syllables and Saisiyat glottalized syllables, with its aims to comparing the articulatory influences on vowels resulting from different stop codas and realizing how glottal stop codas affect the vowels in Saisiyat. The data of Hakka came from Cheng (2012), while the data of Saisiyat were taken out from Online Saisiyat Dictionary in Council of Indigenous Peoples. This study used Praat to measure the First and second formant frequency values of six Saisiyat vowels in unstressed and glottalized syllables. Then, the average values of Hakka and Saisiyat vowels were normalized into auditorily-based Bark values. The average Bark values of individual vowels in both languages were used for drawing vowel space charts. This study shows the following results. First, stop codas lowered and centralized the vowels in Hakka. The strength of both articulatory effects depends on stops' places of articulation. Second, glottal stop codas lowered and advanced the vowels in Saisiyat. Third, /oe, ə/ and /æ, a/ in Saisiyat tended to merge into /ə/ and /a/ respectively, a change from markedness to unmarkedness for /oe, æ/. Fourth, as far as articulatory position was concerned, / o/ in unstressed syllables of Saisiyat was close to /u/ in Hakka, whereas /o/ in glottalized syllables of Saisiyat was adjacent to /o/ in Hakka. Hence, [o] in Saisiyat resulted from the lowering influence on /u/ caused by glottal stop codas. Eventually, based on the acoustic analysis of Saisiyat vowels and their comparison with Hakka vowels, this study proposed that the number of vowels in Saisiyat should be reduced from 6 to 4 (/i, ə, a, u/), and the articulatory descriptions of Saisiyat vowels should be also modified.

並列關鍵字

Hakka ； Saisiyat ； vowel ； acoustics