In the 1920s and 1930s, China set off an upsurge of rural social investigation. The rural social investigation in Wuxi and other places led by Chen Hansheng, a Marxist scholar, not only provided a theoretical basis for the debate on the nature of Chinese society and the rural land revolution of the Communist Party of China at that time, but also provided a useful reference for the construction of socialist countryside with Chinese characteristics in the new era.