Neurolinguistics, with its aim of exploring the neural basis of language ability and the biological nature of language, has been of great significance in deepening the study of brain science and differences in language ability. This article focuses on the links between language use and neural mechanisms in two major groups of atypical language users, aphasia and deafness, to help us gain insight into language processing. In turn, it explores the limitations of neurolinguistic development to help advance the discipline.