建構主義架構下的美「中」兩國折衝

The Confrontation between US and China under the Framework of Constructivism

陳振良(Chen, Cheng-Liang)

《展望與探索月刊》 17卷7期 (2019/07) Pp. 39-64

摘要

中國大陸自2013年推出「一帶一路」倡議，2017年舉辦首屆「一帶一路國際合作高峰論壇」，2018年召開上海合作組織將「一帶一路」列入宣言，似乎隱約可見的「中國夢」逐漸成形；而美國從以往的「重返亞太」，轉向推動「印度太平洋」戰略也形成對中國大陸的新戰略圍堵態勢。顯見美「中」兩國互動中結構正在改變，勢必要有新的詮釋角度，來檢視影響美「中」兩國關係變化過程。事實上，美「中」兩國雙方認知有所不同，中國大陸堅持走向「有特色社會主義體制」的道路；相較於美國推行人權、民主、自由主義市場的體制，形成美國的民主身分，相較於中國大陸為非民主身分的角色關係。本文藉由建構主義論述民主體制思維，兩個行為體透過機制與過程共構圖，進行身分與利益的互動過程實證分析。不可諱言的，美「中」兩國在貿易戰競逐下已出現一些摩擦，對國際政經情勢也產生一定程度影響，雖然兩國進行談判產出一些波折，但也不至於影響兩國現有的結構體變動。本文研究發現，美國認為崛起的中國大陸必須推行民主體制深化，才能符合美國的利益；中國大陸始終堅持要走「有特色的社會主義」民主體制。不過，未來的中國將如何進一步實施民主體制的改革走向，仍有待觀察與研究。

關鍵字

建構主義 ； 國家身分 ； 美中關係 ； 民主體制

並列摘要

China launched the ＂Belt and Road Initiative＂ in 2013, and held the ＂Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation＂ in 2017. In 2018, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization put the ＂One Belt, One Road＂ into the declaration. It seems that the ＂Chinese Dream＂ has come to the surface. In response, the US has turned its previous ＂return to the Asia-Pacific＂ policy into the promotion of the ＂Indo Pacific＂ strategy, conducting a new strategic containment to China. It is obvious that the interaction structure between China and the US is now changing. It is necessary to have a new interpretation perspective to overlook the relations between China and the United States. In fact, China and the United States have different perceptions. China insists on its socialism with Chinese characteristics while the US promotes the human rights, democracy, and liberalism, which builds the two different identities. This paper will discuss the democratic system through constructivism. By using the mechanism and process, we offer an empirical analysis of the interaction process between identities and interests. There is no doubt that US and China have conflicts in the trade war which does affect the international political and economic situations, yet these conflicts will not change their own structures of systems. In this study, it has been found the United States believes China needs to deepen its own democratic system to meet the American's benefits while China insists on its ＂socialism with Chinese characteristics＂ system. We still need more time and research to observe how China will implement democracy reformation.

並列關鍵字

Constructivism ； National Identity ； US-Sino Relations ； Democratic System