认识早期华人社会面貌的视角－新山绵裕亭义山墓碑普查的研究

义山墓碑所记录的墓主祖籍、姓氏、卒年、性别等资讯，都蕴含了地方各时期的人口组成与社会面貌。因此在缺乏文献辅助的情况下，墓碑便成为重要的替代性资料来源。本文以马来西亚柔佛州新山市街外的绵裕亭义山为操作对象，透过墓碑的祖籍、年代及其空间分布等资讯，分别讨论19世纪及20世纪新山的人口组成与帮群结构、社会组织，以及帮群关系，尝试拼凑出一个华人市镇早期的社会面貌及其变迁过程。藉由墓碑普查与分析，研究发现19世纪新山的人口规模小，帮群以潮州人为主，在性别比方面也呈现男女比例悬殊的移垦社会特质。潮州义兴在当时华人社会具有相当大的影响力，其他小帮群在潮州人为主的社会共同分享资源。进入20世纪，新山人口大幅增长，帮群间人口比例的差距缩小，潮州人的优势地位淡化，义兴在社会上的影响力也呈现减弱的趋势。新山华人社会的产业部门结构已逐渐完整，更重要的是，商阔需求较大的餐饮、娱乐等服务业的出现，展现华人社会的经济结构逐渐呈现部门分工，产业多元化的现象。这种现象也为新山华人社会由五大帮群共同领导创造了重要条件。

關鍵字

新山；华人；义山；地方社会

並列摘要

The tombstones in Chinese cemeteries are engraved with such information as the tribe, surname, the date of death or gender. Such information enables the researcher to trace the demographic composition and certain social features at different times. This is a study on the Mian Yu Ting cemetery of Johor Bahru (JB) and to investigate, and to discuss the population, dialect composition, social organization, and relationships in the 19th and 20th centuries, in order to construct the social landscape of JB. From the analysis of tombstones, it is found that the population of JB was small and dominated by the Teochew during 19th century. The gender imbalance indicates a typical social feature of the pioneering period. Meanwhile, Teochew-based Ngee Heng society was influential in JB Chinese society, while immigrants from other dialect groups tended to join this social order or a share of upon the prosperity. Entering 20th century, population growth led to a balance between various dialect groups and the influence of Teochew and Ngee Heng declined gradually. With the emergence of the industrial sectors in JB and the existence of catering, entertainment and other service sectors, the economic landscape broadened and diversified. These and other factors were all important in the attempt to construct the closely-knit relationships between the major dialect groups.

並列關鍵字

Johor Bahru ； Chinese ； Chinese cemetery ； local society

國際替代計量

认识早期华人社会面貌的视角－新山绵裕亭义山墓碑普查的研究

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