大革命前后法国农民土地产权问题－从托克维尔的一个误判谈起

托克维尔对法国农民土地产权问题曾做出推断。托氏认为，革命前法国农民已经是土地所有者，因此法国农民强烈仇恨封建权力。托氏的逻辑是，封建权力范围缩小了，它激起的仇恨反而更大。然而以事实为依据，托克维尔关于革命前农民已成为土地所有者的推断是个历史误判。大革命前的法国农村，农民身受教俗贵族和王权压迫，封建特权因其行将就木而更加苛刻。“年贡农”是习惯佃农主体，仅有残破的权利；众多分成佃农和无地农，与土地没有任何产权关系。农民土地问题是大革命爆发的深层原因。法国大革命打击了封建权力，不断消解佃户的封建义务，土地混合产权正在被单一私人产权取代，法国农民越来越接近成为自己土地的所有者，然而这种情况发生在大革命之后，而不是托克维尔所断言的大革命之前。大革命推动了农民土地确权，但同时也付出了沉重代价。

關鍵字

法国；私人土地产权；农民；大革命；托克维尔

並列摘要

This article starts with Tocqueville's inference about the land property rights of French peasants. He believed that before the revolution, French peasants were already land owners, so they strongly hated feudal power. His logic was that the narrower the scope of feudal power had, the more hatred it aroused. Based on facts, the author argues that Tocqueville's assertion that peasants had become landowners before the Revolution was a historical miscalculation. In the French countryside before the Revolution, peasants were greatly oppressed by the church nobles, secular nobles and royalty, and the feudal privilege was made harsher by the near-death of the feudal dynasty. The customary tenants (censiers) retained some rights to hold land, but it was broken rights. Many sharecroppers and landless peasants also had no property rights to the land. In short, the peasants' land problem was the underlying reason of the outbreak of the Great Revolution. The French Revolution struck down feudal power, constantly dissolving the feudal obligations of peasants, which were either eliminated at once or gradually faded. The mixed land property rights were being replaced by a single private property right, and the French peasants were getting closer to becoming owners of their land. However, it happened after the Revolution, not before the Revolution as Tocqueville asserted. The Revolution promoted the establishment of peasants' private land ownership, but also made them pay a heavy price.

並列關鍵字

France ； private land ownership ； peasants ； the Great Revolution ； Tocqueville

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大革命前后法国农民土地产权问题－从托克维尔的一个误判谈起

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