试论元明户役当差与吏民依附奴化的回潮

Huyi Dangchai(户役当差) and the Resurgence of Enslavement of both Officials and Common People in Yuan and Ming Dynasties

李治安(Li Zhi-an)

《史学集刊》 197期 (2021/11) Pp. 4-20

摘要

元诸色户计当差，肇始于军前掳掠“生口”的强制役使，经乙未（1235）、壬子（1252）和至元七年（1270）的“抄籍”，以汉地为重心，终成定制。“工作征戍”专项役与“全户应当”户役混合的元诸色户计当差，其据籍当差、户役世袭、各有所属、主从役使等特色鲜明。该制因征服先后、行汉法不一及原有社会经济结构，在草原、汉地和江南实施有别。明不分南北“配户当差”，“既以粮赋天下之田，而必以丁定赋役之则”。“配户”役皆永充，役因籍异，各有役田，以户供丁，实沦为国家农奴。其里甲正役的实质就是“催办钱粮”背后始终隐藏着催征、经收和解运等沉重徭役，此即所谓“纳粮也是当差”。元明“户役法”所缔造的全民当差服役秩序，明显是对“唐宋变革”身丁劳役消逝大势的逆转。百姓当差与官僚当差，百姓依附奴化与官僚依附奴化，被捆绑在一起。长达300余年的户役当差秩序，充任元明吏民依附奴化回潮的最深厚、最广泛的社会土壤。元明妃嫔殉葬和明廷杖，或由此种当差秩序及奴化回潮所滋养催生。

關鍵字

元明 ； 诸色户计 ； 户役 ； 当差 ； 吏民依附奴化

並列摘要

The system of Zhuse Huji Dangchai (诸色户计当差, servitude assumed by registered residence of various types ) in the Yuan Dynasty started from compulsory servitude of the war captives. After three times of household registration, this system had been established focusing on Han region of North China. Zhuse Huji Dangchai tends to present the mixture of special services and the servitude that should be assumed by household. It has some distinctive characteristics, such as providing services by registered residence, hereditary servitude by the family, each kind of registered residence having specific management or ganization, the dependence of servants on their masters. There are differences in the implementation of this system in various areas including Mongolian grassland, Han region of North China and Jiangnan according to the sequence of conquer, the different implementation of the cultural and political system of the Han nationality, and the former socio-economic structure of the above areas. In the Ming Dynasty, Peihu Dangchai (配户当差, servitude is apportioned according to registered residence ) was implemented throughout the country . As a matter of fact, the common people became the serf of the country. The essence of Lijia Zhengyi (里甲正役, one of the systems of taxes and corvee) is urging for money and grain. Behind it, there were always heavy corvees such as urging for collection, receiving and transporting money and grain. The ＂Law of Huyi (户役, servitude apportioned according to household )＂ of the Yuan and Ming Dynasties created the order of the whole people assuming duty service, which was obviously a reversal of the disappearance of personal servitude in the ＂Reform of the Tang and Song Dynasties＂. The common people and bureaucrats were all on duty service, and the phenomena of enslavement of both officials and common people were bound together. The order of Huyi Dangchai (户役当差) implemented for more than 300 years served as the deepest and most extensive social soil for the resurgence of enslavement of both officials and common people in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

並列關鍵字

Yuan and Ming Dynasties ； Zhuse Huji (诸色户计, registered residence of various types ) ； Huyi (户役, servitude apportioned according to household) ； Dangchai (当差, be a servant) ； enslavement of both officials and common people