关于中华文明发展进程的若干思考

连绵五千年的中华文明，相沿构成与其他古老文明距离甚远的独立地理单元，其接受域外文明营养并不十分“幸运”。我们高度崇敬先民艰难的远程中西交往，更珍视借陆、海“丝绸之路”东来的域外文明精华及影响。夏、商、周以青铜冶造和井田制贵族家系共同体为社会经济特色。战国到中唐，国家分授或规制土地，口赋劳役重于田税，豪强士族颇盛。中唐到清，“田制不立”“不抑兼并”和“两税法”等面世，农商并重明显，缙绅与富民支配乡里。鸦片战争后沦为半殖民地半封建社会与改变这一屈辱地位的民族自强，共同建构了中国现代文明的成长。先秦贵族政治盛行，王（天子）为共主与诸侯方国藩屏四方，属于较松散的大一统。皇权官僚政治，亦即皇帝专制中央集权，是战国以降的基本政治制度，郡县职业官僚充任其运作工具。辛亥革命推翻清王朝，埋葬延续两千载的皇帝专制。南京国民政府终结军阀混战，但推行独裁“党国体制”，又与现代民主制度相去甚远。中华人民共和国成立后，一个全新的国体和政体制度的建设与不断完善的历史由此展开。五千年来，无论中华民族抑或中华文明，都呈现“多元一体格局”。各兄弟民族及地域子文明的汇聚滚动，血脉交融，共同缔造了中华文明的持续辉煌。时至近代，特别是抗日战争前后，各兄弟民族最终汇聚成为多元一体、休戚与共的现代中华民族。五千年精神形态的思想文化先后有百家争鸣、三教交汇、理学复兴和“五四”新文化等四次繁荣高潮，尤其是诸子百家争鸣和“五四”新文化运动，更具有划时代意义。

關鍵字

地理环境及远程交往；社会经济演进；政治体制轨迹；民族多元融汇；思想文化四次高潮

並列摘要

For five thousand years, the Chinese civilization constituted an independent geographical unit far removed from other ancient civilizations, and it was not so lucky to receive nourishment from the outside world. We hold our ancestors in high esteem for their arduous long-distance exchanges with the West, and cherish even more the essence and influence of foreign civilizations that came east through the "Silk Road" by land and sea. The socioeconomic characteristics of Xia(夏), Shang(商)and Zhou(周)were the bronze smelting and the aristocratic family communities based on the well-field system. From the Warring States to the middle Tang Dynasty, the state divided or regulated the land, the poll tax and forced labor were heavier than the land tax, and the powerful aristocrats were quite prosperous. From the middle Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, many kinds of land and tax laws were published, emphasizing both agriculture and commerce, the gentry and the rich ruled the countryside. After the Opium War, the situation that China became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the national self-improvement to change the humiliating status jointly constructed the growth of modern Chinese civilization. In the pre-Qin period, aristocratic politics prevailed taking on a looser unity. The imperial bureaucracy, that is, the authoritarian centralization of the emperor, was the basic political system after the Warring States. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the Qing Dynasty and buried the imperial despotism which lasted for two thousand years. The Nanjing Nationalist government put an end to the warlord chaos, but carried out the authoritarian party-state system, which was far from the modern democratic system. The founding of the People's Republic of China began the history of the construction and continuous improvement of a new state and political system. For five thousand years, no matter the Chinese nation or the Chinese civilization, all present "the pattern of pluralistic integration". Different ethnic groups in different regions and sub-civilizations have converged creating the sustained glory of the Chinese civilization. In modern times, especially around the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, a pluralistic and unified modern Chinese nation formed.

並列關鍵字

geographical environment and long-distance communication ； socioeconomic evolution ； trajectory of political system ； multi-ethnic integration ； four climax of ideology and culture

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