从“一律”到“多元”：明代舆论生态的生成逻辑与历史图景

明代舆论空前高涨，并呈现出极具时代特色的复杂态势和历史意蕴。明初，重典治吏，士习卑下，舆论沉寂，生气索然；至中后期，政局常变，文化多元，舆论日兴；逮及明末，时局衰微，纲纪颓弛，舆论的多元诉求几乎一律转为救世讽时的哀惜和呐喊。明代舆论本质上是国家意志与道德说教的集中体现，也是官民意志与集体利益的别样表达，还是国家政治与公众话语的互动表征。明代官员、士民以批判者、警示者的身份，以独立、理性的精神气质，评议朝政，裁量人物，建言献策，不仅平衡了权力格局，维系了政治秩序，引导了国家政策，催生了政治文明，而且反映了明代舆论的普遍利益诉求、价值取向和政治情怀，并以舆论话题的独特方式展现了明代历史的真实图景。

關鍵字

明代；舆论生态；舆论话题；舆论政策；舆论功能

並列摘要

The public opinion in Ming Dynasty rose unprecedentedly, and presented a complex situation and historical implication with the characteristics of the times. In the early Ming Dynasty, the government ruled the officials with severe laws, the scholar bureaucrats were humble, and the public opinion was deeply silent and lifeless. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the political situation changed a lot, and the culture was diversified, therefore, the public opinion became active. By the end of Ming Dynasty, the political situation was out of control, the legal framework collapsed, the diversified appeal of public opinion almost all turned into the lament and cry for saving the world and satirizing the current situation. In essence, the public opinion in Ming Dynasty is the concentrated embodiment of national will and moral preaching, it expressed the will of the government and the people, and the collective interest in a different way, it is also an interactive representation of national politics and public discourse. In the Ming Dynasty, the officials, gentry and ordinary people commented on the government, evaluated the figures and offered advice for the government with independent and rational spirit, which not only balanced the power structure, maintained the political order, guided the national policy and promoted the political civilization, but also reflected the general interest demands, value orientation and political feelings of the public opinion in the Ming Dynasty, and showed the real scene of the history of Ming Dynasty by the unique way of topic of public opinion.

並列關鍵字

the Ming Dynasty ； the ecology of public opinion ； the topics of public opinion ； the policies of public opinion ； the function of public opinion

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