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國家能力與合法性:新冠疫情防控的比較社會學研究

摘要


世界各國在新冠肺炎疫情防疫成效方面存在巨大差異。甚麼才是一個國家有效防疫的關鍵?為甚麼各國在疫情的初發階段所採取的防疫模式大不相同?選取的模式會對防疫成效產生甚麼影響?本文從分析2020年1月1日至8月21日這段時間中抗疫最有成效的國家來切入這些問題,認為政體性質、國家能力和文化等因素並不足以解釋防疫成效的國別差異,國家決策能力和政權合法性基礎才是解釋各國防疫成效差異的關鍵。具體來說,面對一個初發時期性質與後果存在高度不確定性的公共衞生危機,國家是否能對危機的嚴重性以及自身能力的局限有恰當的認知並採取與其國家能力匹配的抗疫模式,才是抗疫成敗的關鍵。本研究也顯示,強大的國家能力和牢固的執政合法性基礎亦會降低國家精英對危機感知和國家能力局限性認知的敏感度,以致在疫情初期抗疫模式的抉擇失誤。這正是大多數西方發達國家在這次疫情面前表現欠佳的根本原因。

參考文獻


Gabriel Cepaluni, Michael Dorsch, and Réka Branyiczki,“Political Regimes and Deaths in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic”,American Political Science Association, 28 April 2020, https://doi.org/10.33774/apsa-2020-5lhhc
Balzhan Serikbayeva, Kanat Abdulla, and Yessengali Oskenbayev,“State Capacity in Responding to COVID-19”, InternationalJournal of Public Administration, 7 December 2020, https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2020.1850778
Robin Niblett and LeslieVinjamuri,“Why Democracies Do Better at Surviving Pandemics”, Los Angeles Times, 26 May 2020, www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2020-05-26/democracies-autocracies-coronavirus-pandemic-response.
Carl B. Frey, Chinchih Chen, and Giorgio Presidente,“Democracy, Culture,and Contagion: Political Regimes and Countries Responsiveness to Covid-19”(13 May 2020), www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/Democracy-Culture-and-Contagion_May13.pdf.
Francis Fukuyama,“The Thing That Determines a Country’s Resistance tothe Coronavirus”, The Atlantic, 30 March 2020, www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/thing-determines-how-well-countries-respond-coronavirus/609025/.

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