墊料式豬舍經營模式之探討

本研究旨在建立一可飼養120頭肉豬及20〜25頭母豬規模之一貫式墊料式豬舍且完全無排放水豬場之經營模式，各豬舍之欄數及總面積包括：公豬舍2欄（27.2 m^2）、待配舍2欄（40.8 m^2）、懷孕舍10欄（40.8 m^2）、分娩舍12欄（28.8 m^2）、肉豬舍12欄（230.9 m^2）及堆肥舍一棟（136 m^2）。由試驗結果推論墊料式豬舍之豬欄可簡化為部分水泥地加部分墊料床之通用墊料豬欄及分娩哺育欄兩種。前者可適用於飼養公豬、群養之待配／懷孕母豬、生長／肥育肉豬等，惟各階段豬隻所需之水泥地面積和墊料床之面積與深度不盡相同；而後者則適合於分娩哺育豬及保育階段之仔豬。因此一貫式墊料床豬舍之分段作業流程建議分成待配／懷孕期、分娩哺育期和肉豬生長／肥育期三個階段。平均每頭肉豬在飼養期間共添加44.9 kg的稻殼墊料，而產生180 kg水份含量40.8％的廄肥墊料，清出的廄肥墊料經70天的堆肥醱酵後可製成含水分28.6％、有機質69.8％、總氮4.1％之堆肥。因為豬場完全無廢水排出，所以可以節省廢水處理的工作和費用。初步應用14頭母豬（包括L與LY品種）配同一頭杜洛克公豬，試驗期間共分娩28胎，計257頭活仔豬，進行生產相關性狀調查。結果顯示：在生長性能方面，不同遺傳背景之閹公豬與女豬，不論是LD二品種肉豬或LYD三品種肉豬，在70〜150日齡間之平均隻日增重分別為0.73〜0.75 kg與0.73〜0.74 kg；而母豬之產仔性能為平均每窩分娩活仔數9.18頭，仔豬0〜3或0〜4週之育成率為97.7％，3週〜70日齡之育成率則為98.4％。目前該場已相當符合環保豬舍之目標，此經營模式可以提供養豬業者參考採用。

關鍵字

墊料式豬舍；無排放水；經營模式；堆肥

並列摘要

To reach a goal of zero discharge of wastewater, a pig farm featuring litter bedded pig houses of a scale of 120 finishing pigs and 20-25 sows was constructed for this study. The numbers (total areas) of houses for different pigs were as follows: 2 boar pens (27.2 m^2), 2 pens for dry sows (40.8 m^2), 12 farrowing pens (28.8 m^2), 12 growing-finishing pens (230.9 m^2), and a composting house (136 m^2). The required space for a finisher was 1 m^2 of concrete floor plus 0.5 m^2X0.4 m (depth) of litter bed. From the experimental results, the litter bedded pig pens could be simplified into two kinds: one was the ordinary litter bedded pig pens for boars, gilts/dry sows, and growers/finishers, though the required spaces for different pigs varied; the other was the farrowing litter bedded pig pens adopted for farrowing pigs and pigs younger than 45-day old. Therefore, it was suggested that the operation of litter-bedded pig farms divided into three stages: dry sows, farrowing pigs, and growing-finishing pigs. From 45-day of age to marketing age, each growing-finishing pig consumed 44.9 kg of rice husks for bedding and generated 180 kg litter (contained 40.8% moisture). After 70 days of composting, the litter ripened into mature compost with 28.6% moisture, 69.8% organic matter, and 4.1% total nitrogen. Since there was zero discharge on the pig farm, wastewater treatment was not required, and lots of money and labor could be saved. Growth performances of 257 hogs from 28 litters, produced by 14 sows sired by a Duroc (D) boar, were evaluated. Sows used in the study included 5 Landrace (L) females and 9 offspring of Landrace sows crossed with Yorkshire boars (LY). The average daily gains of barrows and gilts from 70 to 150 days of age were 0.73-0.75 kg and 0.73-0.74 kg, respectively. Littering performances of sows were also evaluated. Litter size born alive, percentages of preweaning (3-4 weeks of age) survival, and percentages of piglet survival from 3-4 weeks to 70 days of age were 9.18 piglets/sow/litter, 97.7%, and 98.4%, respectively. The operation of the pig farm so far was fairly environmental friendly; and thus the proposed management model could be a good alternative one for the farmers.

並列關鍵字

Litter Bedded ； Pig House ； Zero Discharge ； Management Model ； Compost

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