刑事程序中指認法制建構芻議

A Study on the Regulation of Identification in Criminal Procedure

傅美惠(Mei-Hui, Fu)

《真理法學論叢》 22期 (2019/03) Pp. 1+3-34

摘要

在一個犯罪案件的審判中，目擊證人從現場指認或照片指認，對於起訴被告，可以說是一種相當常見且重要的偵查線索之一。刑案發生後，目擊證人或被告對被告的指認，對法院心證的形成，通常會產生決定性的影響。在刑事訴訟程序中，由於警察調查犯罪階段所為的指認，經常是後二階段「先入為主」印象產生的來源，亦即第一階段的指認結果，將會對指認人後續的指認造成刻板印象，而信心堅定地維持第一階段的指認結果，若開始的結果是錯誤的，指認人通常不自覺而自以為是，此種誠實地指認錯誤，指認人對自己的指認充滿信心，對他人或裁判者的質疑，毫不動搖，其結果將持續到整個訴訟程序結束。由此，可知警察調查犯罪階段所為的指認結果最為重要。

關鍵字

指認 ； 當面指認 ； 照片指認 ； 現場指認 ； 同時指認 ； 依序指認 ； 證人與嫌犯意外相遇的指認 ； 法庭指認 ； 畢格斯準則 ； 門山指認法則

並列摘要

In the trial of a criminal case, eyewitness identification from the scene or photo identification is one of the most common and important investigative clues for the prosecution of the accused. After the criminal case, the witness or the identification of defendant of the defendant usually has a decisive influence on the formation of the court testimony. In the criminal procedure, the identification of the crime stage of the police investigation is often the source of the ＂pre-emptive＂ impression in the latter two stages, that is, the result of the first stage of the identification, which will result in a stereotype of the designation of the designation. Confidence firmly maintains the results of the first phase of the identification. If the initial result is wrong, the referee is usually unconscious and self-righteous. This kind of honestly identifies the mistake, identifies the person with confidence in his or her identification, and challenges others or the judge. Unwavering, the results will continue until the end of the proceedings. From this, it can be seen that the results of the police investigation of the crime stage are the most important.

並列關鍵字

Identification ； showups ； photo lineup ； life lineup ； simultaneous lineup ； sequential lineup ； accidental encounters ； in-court identifications ； Biggers Test ； Manson Tes