The Constitutional Debates on the New Deal in the United States: The Study of Judicial Influence on Government Policy

美國新政的憲法爭議：司法對政府政策影響之探討

蘇俊斌(Chun-pin Su)

《致理法學》 7期 (2010/03) Pp. 63-84

摘要

In order to resolve the Great Depression, President Franklin D. Roosevelt adopted the New Deal, which aimed at a powerful and centralized government, and would profoundly intervene in people's economic activities and limit their economic freedoms. However, the New Deal was fiercely opposed by many Americans, particularly the conservative justices at the Supreme Court. The Court repeatedly used the power of judicial review to strike down many programs of the New Deal. These acts provoked President Roosevelt and aroused a serious conflict between the judicial and political branches. Although the Court changed its attitude to the New Deal later, it caused a constitutional controversy. This paper focuses on the constitutional debates on the New Deal and examines the judicial influence on governmental policies.

關鍵字

The New Deal ； The Great Depression ； The Supreme Court ； Judicial Review ； Human Rights ； The U.S. Constitution ； President Franklin D. Roosevelt

並列摘要

在面對著經濟大恐慌之際，羅斯福總統提出了旨在建立了一個中央集權政府之「新政」，因此也讓政府深刻地介入了人民的經濟活動並且限制了人民的經濟自由。不過此一新政卻遭受到許多美國民眾的激烈反彈，尤其是來自保守的最高法院法官。最高法院常常利用違憲審查的權力去否定新政的許多內容，不過因此也激怒了羅斯福總統，並引發了司法與行政機關間的爭執。雖然後來最高法院改變了對新政的態度，但因此也引發了一場憲法爭議。而本文正是以新政的憲法爭議為主，探討司法對政府政策的影響。

並列關鍵字

新政 ； 經濟大恐慌 ； 最高法院 ； 違憲審查 ； 美國憲法 ； 羅斯福總統