“野蛮”或“文明”？十六世纪西班牙传教士眼中的中国和拉丁美洲

The Question of "Barbarian": Spanish Missionaries' Comparative Views of China and Spanish America in the Sixteenth Century

侯安娜(Ana Carolina Hosne) ； 任乐(REN Le)

《中国基督教研究》 20期 (2023/06) Pp. 280-298

https://doi.org/10.29635/JRCC.202306_(20).0010

摘要

16世纪当西班牙国王菲利普二世征服菲律宾群岛后，越来越多的西班牙人开始从新西班牙（墨西哥）前往菲律宾，并将目光投向中国，尝试与中国建立贸易关系。而西班牙籍传教士则以在中国宣扬天主福音为首要目标，以期前往中国。他们从基督教文明的视角观察、审视拉丁美洲和中国，并对这两个地区设定“野蛮标准”。本文旨在分析十六世纪西班牙传教士留下的观察中国的文字记录，以探究他们对明朝中国的认识，并对比分析该时期西班牙人笔下的中国和拉丁美洲形象，以审视他们在拉丁美洲殖民地的传教经验是如何影响他们对中国的评价。

關鍵字

西班牙传教士 ； 菲律宾 ； 明朝中国 ； 殖民时期拉丁美洲 ； 文明与野蛮

並列摘要

Throughout the 16th century, especially after the conquest of the Philippines islands in 1565 by Philip II, an increasing number of Spaniards started to travel to the Philippines from New Spain (modern Mexico). Taking the islands as a "springboard" to China, they had two main purposes: establish trade relations with, and - in the case of missionaries from different religious orders - preach the Christian doctrine in China. This article proposes to analyze how Spanish views of China in the 16th century were influenced by previous experiences in and knowledge of Spanish America, especially New Spain. The focus of analysis is on "barbarism" as a yardstick by which to assess different aspects of these two parts of the world. The first section of this article examines how the "discovery" of America encouraged debates in Europe regarding the condition of "barbarians" of the Amerindians, as a justification of their conquest and the use of violence, to provide a historical background for the themes addressed in this article. A second section analyzes how Spanish missionaries set forth different comparisons between these two spaces, China and New Spain. A third section examines these comparisons with a special focus on Jesuit missionaries. Conclusions reflect on how the experience of the conquest of America shaped the views of some Spanish missionaries regarding certain aspects of Chinese culture.

並列關鍵字

Spanish missionaries ； Philippines ； Ming China ； Colonial Latin America ； Culture ； Barbarians

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