台灣南部地區中老年人在疫情期間健康狀況與主觀幸福感之追蹤研究

A Follow-up Study of Changes in the Well-being of Middle-aged and Elderly People during COVID-19 Epidemic in Taiwan

劉立凡(Li-Fan Liu) ； 陳佳楨(Jia-Jen Chen) ； 林姮君(Heng-Chun Lin)

《老年學研究》 2期 (2023/04) Pp. 89-110

https://doi.org/10.29703/JGS.202304_(2).0004

摘要

前言與背景：我國2026年即邁入超高齡社會，成功大學USR「相伴2026：齡感生活微社群行動網」計畫，致力建構大學教學研究與在地微型社群間社會實踐模式。在總計畫下，本研究目的以高齡社區調查識別高齡化危險因子，並分析疫情對中老年人的影響，藉此提升中高齡族群主觀幸福感受，期以實證發展在地高品質的高齡健康社會生活模式，達到聯合國永續發展目標三：良好健康與福祉，以及世衛組織所推動健康老化歷程中能享有正向自主與提高生活品質的目標。研究方法：本研究以臺灣南部某都市年齡50歲以上社區民眾為研究對象進行二波社區問卷調查。第一波社區問卷調查期間為2020年10月起為期五個月，旨在建立高齡生活基礎資料樣貌；第二波則於2021年10月起進行六個月高齡生活型態之後續追蹤測量。本研究分析屬前後測配對研究設計，目的在觀察新冠疫情期間，社區中兩波重複受訪者之主觀幸福感（WHO-5）變化情況，共納入重複受訪者491位，並利用廣義估計方程式（GEE）分析主觀幸福感變化及影響因素。研究發現：與第一波（COVID-19流行前期）相比，受訪者在第二波主觀幸福感分數明顯下降（β= -2.351，p＜0.001），顯示疫情流行期間的主觀幸福感有惡化情況。分析顯著影響主觀幸福感下降的負向因素，包含鄉村（β= -1.601）、壓力知覺（β= -0.09）；然而，有運動習慣者（β=2.214）、每天歡笑者（β=2.047）、自評社經地位高（β= 0.806）、內在能力越高（β= 0.167），以及老化態度越正向（β= 0.070），則是主觀幸福感分數的保護因子。此外，研究發現城鄉差異，都市社區中老年人幸福感較佳。研究結論：受疫情影響受訪者幸福感明顯下降。本研究建議積極推動中老年人心理健康促進，並持續建構中老年人正向老化態度，培養健康生活型態，全面提升內在能力，進而有助增進中老年人主觀幸福感。

關鍵字

中老年人 ； 疫情期間 ； 內在能力 ； 主觀幸福感 ； 廣義估計方程式

並列摘要

Objectives: Under the NCKU USR project, the aim of this study is to identify the risk factors of happiness among older adults living in the community during the COVID-19 epidemic through a community survey, so as to collect evidence on intervention activities for improving the subjective well-being of the middle-aged and elderly groups, and to develop a high-quality and healthy social life pattern. Methods: This study has a pre-post paired research design. The second-wave community questionnaire survey was conducted among community dwelling adults 50 years old and over in a city of southern Taiwan. The period of the first wave of the community questionnaire survey was five months from October 2020 to February 2021, aiming to establish the profile of a healthy lifestyle and health status data of the elderly; the second wave was conducted as a follow-up survey of the subjects for six months from October 2021 to March 2022. The study analyzed the changes in the subjective well-being (WHO-5) of two waves of surveys with respondents in the community during the COVID-19 epidemic. A total of 491 respondents were repeatedly interviewed, and the subjective well-being and influencing factors were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results: The study found that the sense of well-being of middle-aged and elderly people in Taiwanese communities has declined, and the COVID epidemic seems to have an impact on middle-aged and elderly people. Factors affecting the well-being of middle-aged and elderly people in the community included rural area (β = -1.601) and stress (β = -0.09). However, exercise (β=2.214), intrinsic capacity (β = 0.167), laughing every day (β =2.047), positive attitude toward aging (β = 0.070) and self-rated high socioeconomic status (β = 0.806) were protective factors for improving well-being. In addition, the study found differences between urban and rural areas, with higher levels of happiness among older adults in urban communities and lower happiness in rural areas. Conclusions: This study found that happiness has declined during the epidemic. We suggest that to actively promote the mental health of middle-aged and elderly people, and to build a positive aging attitude of middle-aged and elderly people, cultivating healthy lifestyles, and comprehensively maintaining intrinsic capacity would be helpful for enhancing the subjective well-being of middle-aged and older adults living in the community.

並列關鍵字

middle-aged and elderly people ； COVID-19 epidemic ； intrinsic capacity ； subjective well-being ； generalized estimating equation (GEE)