《十住毘婆沙論》淨土思想初探

A Study on Pure Land Thought in Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śastra

陳金輝(TAN Kim Hooi)

《眾力莊嚴．一佛圓滿——人間淨土與彌陀淨土》 2017年(上冊) (2017/12) Pp. 375-396

摘要

《十住毘婆沙論》傳為龍樹菩薩所著，主要依據《十地經》敘述菩薩在十地修行次第上的具體內容。大乘行者從初發心到佛道的圓成，須經歷無數劫而於漫長的生死當中，實踐六波羅蜜等以利益眾生。這種崇高的宗教救世情懷，是其他宗教所沒有的；實踐者若不具有堅定的毅力，恐難成辦如此艱鉅的神聖任務。在長時間尋求自覺覺他的漫長旅途中，如何使菩提心不退轉，確實是實踐者所必須優先關心的。「惟越致」與「阿惟越致」，成為決定佛道是否圓成的關鍵概念。根據《十住毘婆沙論》，利根者可透過中觀的修習，通達諸法實相而證入「阿惟越致」，這即是所謂的「難行道」；對於信心不具的鈍根者來說，便必須施設各種方便的「易行道」，以令其漸漸轉進「阿惟越致」。在各種方便當中，念佛三昧是其主要的方法。《十住毘婆沙論》分別提出了持名念佛、觀想念佛、實相念佛等方法；透過念佛三昧或般舟三昧，而於定中見佛，進而成就「阿惟越致」。從念現在十方佛到專注憶念阿彌陀佛；從定中見佛到往生見佛，由此也展現出大乘不同的念佛觀。藉由探討如何證入「阿惟越致」的方法－「難行道」與「易行道」，本文擬進一步理解在「難行道」與「易行道」兩種菩薩道的進路上，所呈現的兩種淨土觀，即人間淨土與彌陀淨土的特殊意義。

關鍵字

阿惟越致 ； 難行道 ； 易行道 ； 念佛三昧 ； 淨土

並列摘要

Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śastra is one of the great works by Nāgārjuna that focus on the interpretation of Ten Grounds of Bodhisattva Practice in Daśabhūmika-sūtra. Mahayana practitioners need to go through numerous cycles of rebirth to practice six Pāramitā for the good of all sentient beings in order to achieve enlightenment; this sublime salvation feeling is unique and not found in other religious. The great practitioners must possess firm determination in the long run to complete their mission. In this case, the non-regression spiritual level of Bodhisattva would be considered as the first priority. Vinivartanīya and Avinivartanīya are the key factors to determine the fully enlightenment of Buddhahood. According to Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śastra, one with sharp and superior root may practice Mādhyamaka (Middle way) to achieve Avinivartanīya that is so-called of ＂difficult path＂; for one with inferior root may need skillful means to practice ＂easy path＂ and eventually turn into Avinivartanīya. The main method among various means is Samadhi of Buddha Recitation. Daśabhūmika-vibhāṣā-śastra introduced ＂Holding the Name Buddha-recitation＂, ＂Contemplating and Thinking Buddha-recitation＂, ＂Real Mark Buddha-recitation＂ etc. One may able to seeing the Buddha and achieving Avinivartanīya by practicing Samadhi of Buddha Recitation. The concept of Buddha recitation is different in Mahayana Buddhism, from Buddhas of Ten Directions to Amitābha; from seeing Buddha in Samadhi to when life ends. This paper discusses about the method in achieving Avinivartanīya-The Difficult Path and Easy Path. These two Boddhisattva paths derive two concepts of Purelands, namely are Human World Pureland and Amitābha Pureland. This paper also looks into the special meaning of the two Purelands.

並列關鍵字

Avinivartanīya ； The Difficult Path ； The Easy Path ； Samadhi of Buddha Recitation ； Pure Land