近世禪者淨土詩義蘊探析：從玉琳通琇的淨土詩談起

A Study on Zen Master's Poetry of Pure Land in Pre-Modern China: Yulin Tongxiu's Pure Land Poems

廖肇亨(LIAO Chao-heng)

《眾力莊嚴．一佛圓滿——人間淨土與彌陀淨土》 2017年(下冊) (2017/12) Pp. 1-22

摘要

本文於禪淨關係中探討禪者淨土詩作，因其不僅反映思想史中禪淨交涉議題，也關乎佛教詩學的發展。以《蓮花世界詩》為材料可發現六朝淨土詩以謝靈運對後世影響最鉅，唐代則出現僧人與文人皆藉詩作展現對淨土之嚮往。然淨土詩在宋代發生顯著之變化，源自佛經極樂淨土之意象轉化為文人化的自然山水。同時，因禪者修淨為宋代發展趨勢，故於淨土詩中對一心不亂念佛之強調已呼之欲出。在此基礎上，元代中峰明本以「自性彌陀」為核心所寫下的〈懷淨土詩〉為往後禪者淨土詩立下基調。明代之後淨土詩創作者以楚石梵琦、徹庸周理為翹楚，楚石梵琦以工巧之文字創作淨土詩；徹庸周理則追步雲棲株宏，不只結合禪之實修與淨土的無邊願力，更加入歷史興廢之視野，為淨土詩開創新的意境。雖然淨土詩作為僧詩之一類，與山居詩，甚至山水詩有部分疊合，但在主題、目的、讀者都有很大的差別，透過對禪者的淨土詩的研究，對於佛教史之禪淨關係與佛教詩學或有更深一層之理解。

關鍵字

玉琳通琇 ； 淨土詩歌 ； 自性彌陀 ； 中峰明本 ； 楚石梵琦

並列摘要

This article explores Zen masters' Pure Land poetry in the background of the relationship between Zen and Pure Land. Pure Land poetry not only reflected the issues of Zen-Pure Land in intellectual history, but also affected the development of Buddhist poetic thinking. From Lian Hua Shi Jie Shi (《蓮花世界詩》), a selected works of Pure Land poems, it showed that among all Pure Land poems in the Six Dynasties, those written by Xie Ling-yun had the most profound influence to future generations. In the Tang Dynasty, Buddhist monks and literati expressed their intense yearning for Pure Land through writing poems. Pure Land poetry, however, varied significantly in the Song Dynasty, for example, from the images of Sukhāvatī-Pure Land from Buddhist scriptures to the images of natural landscape. In the meanwhile, as Zen monks tended to practise Pure Land Buddhism in the Song Dynasty, Pure Land poems they wrote could show their emphasis on the concentration of chanting the Buddha's name. Zhongfeng Mingben, a Zen monk in the Yuan Dynasty, wrote a Pure Land poem called 'Huai Jing Tu Shi' (〈懷淨土詩〉), which was according to the thought of ＂Amitābha of self-nature＂, became a model for followers. Representatives of Zen master in writing Pure Land poetry in the Ming Dynasty were Chushi Fanqui and Cheyong Zhouli. The former one was well-known for his delicate expression. The latter one inherited the teaching of Yunqi Zhuhong. His poems not only emphasized both meditation of Zen and the boundless power of the vows of Pure Land, but also showed his emotions of the rise and fall of a dynasty. These poetries led to the expansion of themes of other Pure Land poetries. Concisely, Pure Land poetry, a kind of poetry written by Zen monks, shared some commonalities with Shan Ju Shi (poetry of living in mountain) and Shan Shui Shi (poetry of mountains and waters); however, they are different in terms of their topics, objectives and target audiences. Through studying Pure Land poetry written by Zen masters, relationship between Zen and Pure Land and Buddhist poetic thinking could be explored deeply.

並列關鍵字

Yulin Tongxiu ； Pure Land Poems ； Amitābha of self-nature ； Zhongfeng Mingben ； Chushi Fanqi