論重大違約之概念

A Study on the Concept of Fundamental Breach

呂宗燁(Tsung-Yeh Lu)

指導教授 ： 陳聰富

國立臺灣大學/法律學院/法律學研究所/碩士(2020年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU202004196

摘要

「重大違約」，或譯為根本違約、實質違約，學說上對其有如下之定義及描述：有認為係指當事人一方之違約行為嚴重影響他方訂立契約時所期待之經濟利益，而致使他方之訂約目的無法達成者；與之相對應的概念則為「非重大違約」，其係指一方的違約尚未完全達到根本違反契約之目的且並未導致他方訂約目的無法達成。
具體而言，「重大違約制度」之重要性在於突顯其對違約後果之影響，旨在於令因重大違約而受害之當事人得以尋求「解消契約」之救濟方式，故此理論之重要性主要展現於「解消契約」的面向。
重大違約雖係起源於英美法的一項制度，但此一制度對現今世界許多國家的契約立法和實踐事實上都產生了重大影響，甚至連大陸法系國家和重要的國際契約法文件都在不同程度上吸取該制度的想法，可謂係現今世界契約法之主流概念。
本文認為，仔細觀察我國現行法院實務的操作，其實已運用重大違約的概念在內。而此恰好可作為未來修法後、制度變更後的基礎，即便將來正式引入重大違約的概念，相信於法院之實務操作上、接受度上，皆不至於造成混亂，而反倒更具有可行性！

關鍵字

重大違約 ； 實質違約 ； 重大債務不履行 ； 預期違約 ； 毀約性違約

並列摘要

" Fundamental breach ", or translated as substantial breach or material breach of contract, has the following definitions and descriptions in theory: It is believed that the breach of contract by one of the parties seriously affects the economic benefits expected by the other party when the contract is concluded, and causes the other party to the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved; the corresponding concept is " minor breach of contract", which means that one party's breach of contract has not completely achieved the purpose of fundamental breach of the contract and has not caused the other party to fail to achieve the purpose of the contract.
Specifically, the importance of the " fundamental breach of contract system" is to highlight its impact on the consequences of breach of contract. It aims to enable parties who have suffered a fundamental breach of contract to seek remedies for "dissolution of the contract". Therefore, the importance of this theory is mainly shown in " "Cancel the contract" aspect.
Although fundamental breach of contract is a system that originated in common law, this system has actually had a significant impact on the contract legislation and practices of many countries in the world today, even civil law countries and important international contract law documents. The idea of absorbing the system to varying degrees can be said to be the mainstream concept of the world contract law.
This article believes that a careful observation of the operation of the current court practice in my country has actually used the concept of fundamental breach of contract. And this can be used as the basis for future law amendments and system changes. Even if the concept of fundamental breach of contract is formally introduced in the future, I believe that it will not cause confusion in the court's practical operation and acceptance, but is more feasible!

並列關鍵字

fundamental breach ； material breach ； fundamental non-performance ； anticipatory breach ； repudiatory breach

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